Practice Exam Questions Flashcards
Define Pneumonia
An inflammatory condition of the lung characterised by abnormal alveolar filling with areas of abnormal consolidation and exudation
Describe the pathology of Pneumonia
During pulmonary infection, acute inflammation results in the migration of neutrophils out of capillaries and into the alveoli. Here they phagocytose and release antimicrobial inhibitors leading to more inflammation and oedema
How is COPD characterised?
Airflow obstruction that is progressive in severity and not fully reversible
What are the 3 main signs of bronchitis?
Inflammation, increased sputum production, wheezing from narrow airways
Define cardiovascular disease and state specifically where the associated damage occurs
CV disease is a general term for the conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. It is also associated with damage to the arteries of the brain, kidneys and eyes.
What are the types of CVD?
Coronary heart disease, CVA/TIA, PVD, Aortic disease
Define cancer
Highly invasive and destructive neoplasms
What is a CVA?
A stroke, the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in blood supply to the brain
Give two risk factors for Haemorrhagic stroke and explain how they lead to a stroke
Hypertension - causing pressure on the artery walls that can burst, especially is there are aneurysms, AVMs
High blood cholesterol - LDL causes atheroma leading to blockage and HBP + potential weakness in artery walls
Give two risk factors for Ischemic stroke and explain how they lead to a stroke
Ischemic heart disease - build up of atheroma in the artery walls causes blockage leading to high BP/ thombus/ emboli
AF - produces irregular blood flow leading to blood clots, which can travel to cerebrum
DM - leads to atheroma due to poor absorption of fats and sugars
Give 4 initial symptoms of MS
limb weakness, optic neuritis, parathaesia, diplopia, vertigo, micturition problems
Explain how 3 of these symptoms may occur in MS
Disruption to BBB Leakage of inflammatory cells Conduction of nerves is slowed Plaques can then form in CNS If it happens in e.g. autonomic pathways --> urinary problems, vestibular bodies in brainstem/ cerebellum --> vertigo
Explain what happens immediately after an SCI and as the spine recovers
Spinal shock, at the level of the lesion, complete destruction of nerve cells –> flaccidity, cells below the level of the lesion recover but have no control from higher centres –> spasticity
What pathological process is involved in OA?
Chronic (low grade) inflammation and degeneration
Name 3 potential factors leading to OA of the shoulder
Overload to the articular cartilage due to - increased BMI, increased exercise levels, bony malformation, genetic factors, joint injury, fracture to the joint, alignment issues, metabolic syndrome
What anatomical changes would occurs with OA of the shoulder?
Loss of joint space, cartilage destruction, osteophyte formation, subchondral cysts, bony erosion, labral damage
Describe the changes to the airways in emphysema
Alveoli become inflamed and lose their elasticity, they can over expand and lose their ability to fill and contract. As air fills them, they can rupture and become one sac, reducing the SA for gas exchange. Air becomes trapped and cannot be released during breathing leading to hyperinflation.
What are the main symptoms of COPD?
SOB, cough, fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance
Define diabetes
A metabolic disorder. It is the absence, deficit or resistance to insulin leading to hyperglycaemia.
What the risk factors for TI diabetes?
Family history, viral infection, autoimmune disease
Define angiogenesis and neovascularisation and give the difference between them
Angio - the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature
Neo - the formation of functional microvascular networks with red blood cell perfusion.
Angio mainly characterised by the protusion and outgrowth of capillary buds and sprouting from pre-existing blood vessels.
What is a stress fracture and give two types?
Fractures occurring in bone due to a mismatch of bone strength and chronic mechanical stress placed on bone. Fatigue fractures, Insufficiency fractures
What is a Bennetts fracture?
A fracture to the base of the thumb resulting from forced abduction of the first metacarpal. Defined as an intra-articular two part fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone.
What is a Colles fracture?
Fracture of the distal radius that occurs as a result of a fall onto an outstretched hand. Consist of a fracture of the distal radial metaphyseal region with dorsal angulation and impaction but without involvement of the articular surface.
What is Smiths’ fracture?
Fracture of the distal radius with associated volar angulation of the distal radius fracture fragment
