Cancer 2 Flashcards
How might Oestrogen initiate cancer?
AID causes cancer causing mutations in B cells
Oestrogen found to activate AID in breast tissue
How might red/ processed meat initiate cancer?
Haem stimulates gut bacteria to produce N-nitroso compounds
Nitrates and nitrites involved in preserving processed meats also converted to N-nitroso compounds
Cooking red meat at high temp produces cancer inducing chemicals
How might smoking initiate cancer?
Direct action on lung tissue - chromium and arsenic hydrocarbons damage cellular DNA, arsenic and nickel prevent DNA repaired
Systemic effects - reduces immune system response to damaged cells
How might alcohol initiate cancer?
Breast - increase O levels
Lung - increase absorption of carcinogenic agents from smoking
Bowel - converted to acetaldehyde, which damages DNA and stops repair process. Causes ROS in cells.
How might Obesity initiate cancer?
Fat cells release O and Insulin
High levels of Insulin linked to breast cancer
Increased insulin stimulates GF within cells
Fat cells can also attract immune cells
How might UV rays initiate cancer?
UVB rays - cause sunburn, sunburn = DNA damage to skin cells
Give four symptoms of breast cancer
Change in shape and size Skin changes in texture and colour Redness Pain Any leaking fluid Inverted nipples Lumps
Give four symptoms of prostate cancer
Getting up in the night Passing urine more frequently Urgency Leaking Blood in urine Raised PSA
Give four symptoms of lung cancer
Persistent cough for longer than 3 weeks Changes in a LT cough SOB Blood in sputum Pain in chest /shoulder LOA Fatigue Loss of weight
Give three types of lung cancer; which is more common?
Small cell (oat cell) cancer
Non- small cell - most common - e.g. adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, large cell, undifferentiated non small cell
Pancoast and mesothelioma
Give four symptoms of bowel cancer
Bleeding from rectum Blood in faeces Changes in bowel habits Pain in abdomen or rectum Losing weight Fatigue SOB Bowel obstruction
What does ABCDE stand for in melanoma symptoms?
Assymetry Border Colour Diameter Elevation
