COPD

Question 1

Define COPD

Answer 1

Characterised by airflow obstruction; progressive

Question 2

What three conditions is COPD an umbrella term for?

Answer 2

Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic asthma

Question 3

Describe the pathology of COPD

Answer 3

Excess mucus is produced
Mucous is thicker and stickier
Smoking paralyses the cilia
Cilia are unable to beat
Dust and bacteria remain trapped; mucus build up provides moist, warm environment for bacteria

Question 4

Define Bronchitis

Answer 4

Chronic disease of the lungs where the bronchi become inflamed

Question 5

Describe the pathology of Bronchitis

Answer 5

Inflammation causes more mucous to be produced; which narrows airways and makes breathing more difficult

Question 6

Define Emphysema

Answer 6

Condition where the alveoli of the lungs become inflamed and loose their natural elasticity

Question 7

Describe the pathology of emphysema

Answer 7

Alveoli over expand and lose their ability to fill up and contract properly
As air fills up these sacs, some rupture and become one sac
Reducing the surface area for gas exchange
Trapped air cannot be released on breathing out

Question 8

Define asthma

Answer 8

Normally episodic increase in airway obstruction

Question 9

Describe the pathology of asthma

Answer 9

Airways are sensitive
Become irritated, narrow and inflamed
Reduced airflow

Question 10

Give four causes of COPD

Answer 10

Cigarette smoking
Occupational exposure
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Social deprivation

Question 11

How is COPD diagnosed?

Answer 11

Detailed patient history
Clinical signs - SOB, cough, increased sputum
Spirometry
CXR

Question 12

How is COPD classified?

Answer 12

Early
Moderate
Severe

Question 13

How is COPD treated/ managed?

Answer 13

Smoking cessation
Medication - inhalers, steroids, antibiotics, mucolytics
Flu/ pneumonia vaccines
Exercise
Education
Self-management
Diet
Lifestyle modifications