Common Pathologies of the Lower Limb 2 Flashcards
Describe the vascularisation of the menisci
Outer red region - vascularised
White inner region - avascular
White-red region - attributes of both
Describe the aetiology of meniscal tears
Most common intra-articular injury In young patients, 1/3 due to sports injury Medial: Lateral 5:1 81% posteriorly 60% associated with ACl tears
What mechanism is usually involved in meniscal injuries
Components of flexion and rotational forces under compression, e.g. twisting, squatting, cutting
What are the different types of meniscal injuries and which are likely to cause mechanical symptoms?
Vertical longitudinal (often asymptomatic) Vertical radial (can cause mechanical symptoms) Horizontal (can be asymptomatic) Oblique (associated with mechanical symptoms) Complex/ degenerative (2 or more different types)
Describe the 2 bundles of the ACl
Anterior medial bundle - restrains tibia at 45 degrees knee flexion
Postero-lateral bundle - more important to restrain knee in full extension
Contrast MCL and LCL injuries
LCL injuries much rarer but may be more disabling
Describe apophysitis and give 3 types
During adolescence, bony growth exceeds ability of muscle-tendon unit to stretch
Increased tension across apophysis
Osgood Schlatter disease, Sinding-Larsen Johansson syndrome, Severs’ disease (heel)
In lateral ankle ligament injury, what may indicate a fracture (OTAWA rules)
Pain at distal end of fibula, pain just above medial malleolus, pain on WB
Give two tests for ankle ligament injuries
Anterior drawer test (lateral lgt instability)
Talar tilt test (CFL injury)
What are the risk factors for Plantar Fasciitis?
Overweight
Flat foot/ high arch
Reduced DF
What are the risk factors for PTTD?
Overweight Female Diabetes Hypertension Previous Surgery Steroid Use
