Practical Research Summative Flashcards
The researchers use ______________
to avoid being bias in the selection of the sample for their study.
random sampling
This is known as the selection of components of the sample that will give a representative view of the whole.
Sampling Technique
What do you call the selection of sample unbiasedly?
Probability Sampling
This refers to a sampling technique in which samples are obtained using some objective chance mechanism, thus involving randomization.
Probability Sampling
- If your population is less than ___, go away from probability sampling.
- Your sample size should be at least ____.
- 50
- 30
_____________ give all elements of the population an equal chance of being selected but using this technique may consume a lot of time and effort of the researchers.
Probability sampling techniques
What are the 5 types of probability sampling techniques used in quantitative research?
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Multi-Stage Sampling
Triple S CM
Probability Sampling Techniques. This is the basic probability sampling design in which the chance of selection is THE SAME for every member of the population.
Simple Random Sampling
Probability Sampling Techniques. It is a sampling that follows regular INTERVALS from a list.
Systematic Random Sampling
Probability Sampling Techniques. The population is divided into groups called a. __________ and then simple random sampling is applied in selecting samples from each group.
Stratified Random Sampling
a. Strata
Probability Sampling Techniques. Used when the study is spread across a geographical location. In this, the population is group into CLUSTER.
[Simple Random is used in selecting the cluster]
Cluster Sampling
Probability Sampling Techniques. This refers to the procedure as in cluster sampling which moves through a SERIES OF STAGES.
Multi-Stage Sampling
Simple Random Sampling. Ways of selecting samples:
- Utilizing a table of random number
- Using lottry techniques/fishbowl method
- Using digital random picker application
Steps in Systematic Random Sampling:
- Number participants in the population from 1 to N
- Compute for sample size (x)
- Divide population to desired sample size (N/x)
- Randomly pick a number between 1 to the value obtained in step 3.
- Start counting from the number you get in step 4 using the interval you get from step 3.
Stratified Random. How to find the group sample size using the total population and total sample size?
Multiple the percent of the group (group population/total population) to the total sample size.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about probability sampling?
A. Probability sampling is a biased selection of sample.
B. Probability sampling is a subjective type of selecting a sample.
C. Probability sampling involves randomization in selecting a sample.
D. Probability sampling gives an unequal chance of selection for every element of the population.
C. Probability sampling involves randomization in selecting a sample.
Which of the following is an example of simple random sampling?
A. Selecting 10 winners of cellphones from a raffle draw
B. Selecting five teachers from each department in the school
C. Selecting all students in five chosen schools as participants of the pilot testing
D. Selecting every 5th participant in the list of all employees in the Supermarket
A. Selecting 10 winners of cellphones from a raffle draw
At a private College institution, ten out of twenty research classes are randomly selected and all the students from ten selected classes are included in the study. What type of probability sampling technique was used in the scenario?
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Multi-Stage Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Systematic Random Sampling
A. Cluster Sampling
Which of the following statements shows the weakness of probability sampling?
A. Probability sampling selects sample unbiasedly.
B. Probability sampling is costly and time consuming.
C. Probability sampling involves randomization in selecting a sample.
D. Probability sampling gives an unequal chance of selection for every element of the population.
B. Probability sampling is costly and time consuming.
Which of the following scenario is an example of stratified random sampling?
A. The teacher randomly picks students’ name through their index card for recitation.
B. The owner of the store decided to randomly pick five employees to win the Christmas prizes.
C. The vlogger randomly selects two students in every section of a certain school to include in his vlog.
D. The private organization randomly selected one school in Pasig and all the students of the selected schools were given school supplies.
C. The vlogger randomly selects two students in every section of a certain school to include in his vlog.
What type of error is committed when the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is false and needs to be rejected?
Type II error
What type of data analysis is used in hypothesis testing?
D. Inferential Analysis
Which of the following statements is correct about hypothesis testing?
A. Hypothesis testing is applicable to all types of studies.
B. Hypothesis testing does not always have a hypothesis statement.
C. Hypothesis testing is used to prove the validity of research results.
D. Hypothesis testing is used to determine the probability that a given hypothesis
is true.
D. Hypothesis testing is used to determine the probability that a given hypothesis
is true.
Which of the following topics could hypothesis testing be applicable?
A. Experiences of Covid-19 survivors
B. Perception of the students on the distance learning
C. Struggles of the Pasigueños during the Covid-19 pandemic
D. Effectiveness of self-learning modules in enhancing students’ study habits
D. Effectiveness of self-learning modules in enhancing students’ study habits
Which of the following is not included in the steps of testing hypothesis?
A. Indicate the null hypothesis.
B. Decide on the statistical method to use.
C. Identify the objective of the research study.
D. Decide whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis
C. Identify the objective of the research study.
In a certain public school in Pasig, the researcher picked his sample using a draw lots where all the names of the students are placed in one box. What type of probability sampling technique was used in the scenario?
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Multi-Stage Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Systematic Random Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
This is a sampling technique that does not give all the samples in the population equal chances of being
selected.
Non-probability sampling
The downfall of this sampling method is that an _______ part of the entire population is not sampled.
unknown
Meaning that the sample may or may not accurately represent the entire population.
What are the 4 types of non-probability sampling?
Convenience Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Quota Sampling
Snowball Sampling
CP QueStion
Non-Probability Sampling. This is a method of selecting samples that are CONVENIENTLY available to participate in the researchers’ study. Easiest, Cheapest, Least time-consuming.
Also called __________.
Convenience Sampling
aka opportunity/availability sampling
Non-Probability Sampling. In this method, the researcher CHOOSES only those respondents that he thinks are suitable to participate in his research study.
Also called ___________.
Purposive Sampling
aka judgemental/subjective sampling
Non-Probability Sampling. It is a sampling technique wherein the researcher makes sure of equal or PROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATION of subjects depending on which trait is considered as a basis of the quota.
a. What are the bases of the quote?
Quota Sampling
a. age, gender, education, race, religion, socioecon status, etc.
Non-Probability Sampling. sampling technique wherein the researcher looks for a respondent to participate in the study then asks that respondent TO REFER another respondent who would be also possible to participate in the study. Used when it is difficult to locate specific population.
Also called __________.
Snowball Sampling
aka chain-referral sampling
type of error committed when the researcher rejected the null hypothesis when in fact it is true.
Type I error
According to ____________(2017), the types of errors that the researcher could commit during hypothesis testing are Type I and Type II.
Prieto, Naval, and Carey
Which of the following statements is true about non-probability sampling?
A. Non-probability sampling is an unbiased selection of sample.
B. Non-probability sampling is a subjective type of selecting a sample.
C. Non-probability sampling involves randomization in selecting a sample.
D. Non-probability sampling gives an equal chance of selection for every element of the population.
B. Non-probability sampling is a subjective type of selecting a sample.
Steps in hypothesis testing
- STATE the Hypothesis
- Choose the Statistical TEST to be used
- STATE the level of significance for the statistical tool
- Do the computation using the chosen statistical test.
- Decide whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis.
What statistical tool. Study aimed to determine the significant difference between the means of two independent groups.
T-test
Which is NOT an example of non-probability sampling?
A. Researchers include students who are conveniently available during the time of survey.
B. Researchers purposively choose all students in the star section to be their respondents.
C. Researchers draw 150 out of 500 students using draw lots to know who their respondents will be.
D. Researchers ask their first three respondents if they know someone who can also be included as participants in their study.
C. Researchers draw 150 out of 500 students using draw lots to know who their respondents will be.
The business class at a public high school wants to survey the opinions of 50 students. Class members discuss who would be most suitable to survey based on the results they want, then choose those students. What type of non-probability sampling technique was used in the scenario?
A. Convenience Sampling
B. Purposive Sampling
C. Quota Sampling
D. Snowball Sampling
B. Purposive Sampling
Saves researchers from a long and complicated computation for data analysis
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)
Microsoft Excel etc.
Which of the following statements shows the true weakness of non-probability sampling techniques?
A. Non-probability sampling is not accurate to use.
B. Non-probability sampling is costly and time consuming.
C. Non-probability sampling gives an unequal chance of selection.
D. Non-probability sampling involves randomization in selecting a sample.
C. Non-probability sampling gives an unequal chance of selection.
Which of the following scenarios is an example of convenience sampling?
A. Researchers make a quota for the number of their respondents based on socio-economic status.
B. Researchers select their respondents based on the standard they set for the participants of their study.
C. Researchers gather the participants of their study based on the recommendation of the other respondents.
D. Researchers stand by in front of the school main gate and ask the first 50 students who pass by that area to be their respondents.
D. Researchers stand by in front of the school main gate and ask the first 50 students who pass by that area to be their respondents.
Due to the difficulty experienced by the researcher in finding his target respondents, he humbly asked every participant he had if s/he knows someone who would be able to help him with the data he needed. Luckily, through the referral method, he finally completed his data. What type of non-probability sampling technique was used by the researcher?
A. Convenience Sampling
B. Purposive Sampling
C. Quota Sampling
D. Snowball Sampling
D. Snowball Sampling
In research, an ___________ is a general term used by the researcher for MEASURING DEVICES such as surveys, questionnaires, tests, checklist, etc. On the other hand, _____________ is the ACTION which is the process of developing, testing, and using the instrument.
instrument; instrumentation
Conditions to reject or not reject null hypothesis
Condition 1 (Please=P-value <)
If the computed p-value is LESS than the chosen level of significance, then reject the null hypothesis; or
Condition 2 (Tiger = T-value >)
If the computed t-value is GREATER than the p-value, then reject the null hypothesis.
Please Tiger
What are the 6 steps in developing research instrument?
- Background
- Questionnaire Conceptualization
- Establishing validity of questionnaire
- Establishing reliability of questionnaire
- Pilot testing of questionnaire
- Revise Questionnaire
BC VR PR
Which is true about research methodology?
A. It is a procedure for writing research findings.
B. It is a justification for conducting a research study.
C. It is a step-by-step method of formulating questions.
D. It is a systematic way of carrying out a research study.
D. It is a systematic way of carrying out a research study.
Which is not part of the research methodology?
A. Recommendation C. Treatment of Data
B. Research Design D. Validation of Instrument
A. Recommendation
What part of the research methodology discusses the procedure of selecting respondents of the study?
A. Data Collection C. Research Instrument
B. Population and Sample D. Validation of Instrument
B. Population and Sample
What part of the research methodology discusses the statistical methods applied in data analysis?
A. Research Design C. Treatment of Data
B. Research Instrument D. Validation of Instrument
C. Treatment of Data
Which of the following is correct when writing research methodology?
A. It should be written using past tense.
B. It should include the results of the study.
C. It should provide a summary of the research study.
D. It should be explained in a long and detailed manner.
A. It should be written using past tense.
Instrument Step_: Do BASIC RESEARCH on the chosen variables or construct of the research study.
Choose a construct that you can use to create the objective of the questionnaire.
Step 1: Background
________ means the characteristics that you wish to measure or to evaluate in your research instrument (weight, academic performance, etc).
Construct
Instrument Step_: Select a RESPONSE SCALE where the respondents answer the questions in your research study. Scales: Yes/No/Neither & Likert Scale
- Create question based on study’s objective
*Choose type of question
Step 2: Questionnaire Conceptualization
Instrument Step 2. This scale is used to measure behavior quantitatively.
3-point scale: always, sometimes, never
4-point: strongly agree, agree, disag, strongly disag
5-point: very satisfac, satisfac, neutral, unsatisfac, very unsatisfac
Likert Scale
What part of the research methodology discusses the procedure done by the researcher in collecting data?
A. Data Gathering C. Treatment of Data
B. Research Instrument D. Validation of Instrument
A. Data Gathering
The researchers proceed to the experts to check their research instruments. This scenario is placed on what part of the research methodology?
A. Research Design C. Treatment of Data
B. Research Instrument D. Validation of Instrument
D. Validation of Instrument
Instrument Step 2. What are the 5 different types of questions in developing a questionnaire?
Dichotomous Questions: Only two choices
Open-ended Questions: Normally answers “why”
Closed-ended Questions: Multiple-choice Q
Rank-order Scale Questions: Rank given items
Rating Scale Questions: Like Likert, measures weights of responses.
DOCRR
Instrument Step_: After creating the research instrument, this is the next step. This is important to ensure that it accurately measures what it needs to measure.
a. ______ refers to a degree to which the instrument measures what it intends to measure. It involves collecting and analyzing data to assess the accuracy of an instrument.
Step 3: Establishing the validity of the questionnaire
a. Validity
Which of the following should be followed when writing a research methodology?
A. Write your methodology without citing other sources.
B. Write your methodology using the future tense of the verb.
C. Write your methodology using the first-person point of view.
D. Write your methodology with enough information for replication purposes.
D. Write your methodology with enough information for replication purposes.
Systematic procedure and theoretical analysis of the
method applied in a research study (Cortez 2019).
Methodology
Instrument Step 3. What are the 4 ways to assess the validity of a set of measurement?
Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Construct Validity
Instrument Step 3. Types of Validity.
This is a subjective type of assessment of the research instrument. This is the simplest and the easiest type of validity wherein the validator SKIMS THE OVERVIEW of the instrument in order to form an opinion.
Face Validity
Parts of Research Methodology
- Research Design
- Population and Sample
- Instrument
- Validation Process
- Data Gathering Procedure
- Treatment of Data
Instrument Step 3. Types of Validity.
This type of assessment refers to the appropriateness of the content of an instrument.
An expert to the content or professional that is familiar to the construct being measured is needed in this type of validity. The expert makes a judgment about the degree to which the items in the questionnaire COVER ALL RELEVANT PARTS of the construct it aims to measure.
Content Validity
Instrument Step 3. Types of Validity.
This type of validity measures how well the RELATIONSHIP between the result of your instrument to the result of another instrument. A criterion is an external measurement of the same thing. To evaluate this, the correlation between the result of your instrument and the result of the other instrument is computed.
Criterion Validity
nagbbase ka sa other instrument (used as a criteria)
Instrument Step 3. Types of Validity.
It defines how well a test measures what it claims to measure. It is used to know whether the operational definition of a construct aligns with the true theoretical meaning of a concept.
[If it can test something that cannot technically be measured directly such as depression.]
Construct Validity
nakabase dun sa construct na nageexist na like symptoms and other indicators since hindi nga direct yung measurement
Parts of Research Methodology. Explain if your study is within-group or between-group design. Include the variables being studied and the approach you used in the study. Justify the research design you used in your study.
- Research Design
Parts of Research Methodology. Describe the characteristics of the participants/respondents in your study. Include the total number of your target population, the number of your sample and how you come up with it, and the strategy you used in selecting your sample.
- Population and Sample
Parts of Research Methodology. Discuss how you construct your research instrument if it is
researcher-made or cite source of your research instrument if it is adopted from other studies. Describe the contents of your research instrument and its sole purpose.
- Instrument
Parts of Research Methodology. Explain precisely the process you have done during the validation of your instrument. This includes the profession of the expert/s that validate/s your instrument, how they validated your instrument, and the computed CVI (Content Validity Index), if any.
- Validation Process.
Parts of Research Methodology. Properly explain your procedure. It includes the
procedure you have done before, during, and after gathering data.
- Data Gathering Procedure
Parts of Research Methodology. Discuss the statistical methods/test/formula that you have used in order to analyze and interpret your data.
- Treatment of Data
Treatment of data. This was used to determine the number of respondents used in the study. the formula used is:
% = f/n x 100
Treatment of data. To get the mean, the formula used is:
x = f(x) / N
Treatment of Data. This was used to determine the dispersion of a set of scores from its mean.
Standard Deviation
Treatment of Data. The get the standard deviation, the formula used is:
σ = sqrt of Σ (X − μ)^2 / N
This was used to determine whether two population means are different when the variances are known, and the sample size is large. It also determines whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis. The researchers computed the z-test using Microsoft Excel.
Z- test
It is a type of instrument that can be distributed electronically and saves time and effort?
A. Experiment
B. Telephone Interview
C. Structured Observation
D. Paper-pencil Questionnaire
D. Paper-pencil Questionnaire
It is a type of interview used in evaluation research wherein the interviewer does not follow a rigid form.
A. Structured Interview
B. In-depth Interview
C. Covert Interview
D. Overt Interview
B. In-depth Interview
When you chose to conduct a case study type of research, what are the research instruments you can use?
A. Interview and observation
B. Questionnaire and focus group discussion
C. Experiment, focus group discussion, and observation
D. Questionnaire, interview, focus group discussion, and observation
D. Questionnaire, interview, focus group discussion, and observation
Peter will conduct a research focusing on the evaluation of the newly implemented program in his company. What research instruments can he use?
A. Focus group discussion, interview and observation
B. Focus group discussion
C. Experiments
D. Interview
A. Focus group discussion, interview and observation
In your science class, your teacher asked your group to conduct a pure science type of research. What research instrument/s would you use?
A. Interview and paper-pencil questionnaire
B. Interview and covert observation
C. Experiment and observation
D. Experiment only
C. Experiment and observation
It is the main tool on how you will gather data from the chosen respondents and later be analyzed for the results.
Research Instruments
2 types of Questionnaires
Paper-Pencil Questionnaires
Web-based questionnaires
Instrument Step_: In order to have a reliable instrument, you need to have questions that yield consistent scores when asked repeatedly.
a. __________ refers to how accurate and precise the measuring instrument is.
Step 4: Establishing the reliability of the questionnaire
a. Reliability
The most common research instrument used in
quantitative research.
Paper-Pencil Questionnaires
Often includes the closed-ended or multiple-choice
type of questions.
Paper-Pencil Questionnaires
A new and inevitably growing methodology is the
use of internet-based research. The respondents
will answer online questions such as the use of
Survey Monkey, Google Forms, or other platforms.
Web-based questionnaires
Instrument Step 4. What are the 3 ways to assess the reliability of an instrument?
Stability or Test-retest Reliability: same questionnaire administered twice to same sample at diff point in time.
Split-half Method: (aka equivalent or parallel forms). administering two different sets of q but with the same topic to the same sample.
Internal Consistency: instrument measures specific concept. it is an estimate based on a single form of a test administered on a single occasion
2 types of Interview and their difference
structured interviews, in which a carefully worded
questionnaire is administered
in-depth interviews, in which the interviewer does not
follow a rigid form.
4 mostly used Research instruments
Questionnaires
Interviews
Experiments
Observations
This type of instrument attempts to determine the
cause and effect relationship between two or more
variables.
Experiments
Instrument Step _: This is the next step after assessing the validity and reliability of an instrument. This is like pre-testing the instrument.
In this process, participants could put remarks on some questions. This could help you to enhance your questions.
Step 5: Pilot testing of the questionnaire
2 types of Experiments
Blind Experiment
Double-Blind Experiment
Type of Experiment. The test subjects do not know
if they are getting the experimental treatment or
the placebo.
Blind Experiment
Instrument Step _: After identifying some problem in your questionnaire, do this based on the feedback of the participants during pilot testing.
Step 6: Revise the questionnaire
Type of Experiment. Neither the test subject nor the experimenter measuring the response knows to which group the test subjects have been assigned (treatment or placebo).
Double-blind Experiment
What type of question is presented in the box below?
[[Which of the following do you prefer in college courses?
a. Courses related to computer
b. Courses related to food/hotel services
c. Courses related to business]]
A. Close-ended question C. Rank-order question
B. Dichotomous question D. Rating-scale question
A. Close-ended question
Methods by which an individual or individuals gather first-hand data on programs, processes, or behaviors being studied.
Observation
The researcher created a test to measure the reading skills of Senior High School students. To ensure how well the test measures the reading skills of the students, the researcher found an existing test that is considered valid and used it to the same set of students who took the first test. The results of both tests were then compared. What type of validity did the researcher apply in this scenario?
A. Content Validity C. Criterion Validity
B. Construct Validity D. Face Validity
C. Criterion Validity
Which of the following should be avoided in conceptualizing research questions?
A. Use of sensitive and debatable questions
B. Use of clear, concise, and simple questions
C. Use of questions based on the problem statement
D. Use of consistency questions within the needs of the study
A. Use of sensitive and debatable questions
True of False. As discussed before, structured observation can be covert, overt, direct, or indirect.
True
Type of research and their Data collection instrument.
APPLIED
Questionnaire, Interview, and Observation
Type of research and their Data collection instrument.
SURVEY
Questionnaire, Focus Group, Interview
and Observation.
It is an assessment that refers to the consistency of the result.
A. Criterion C. Reliability
B.Instrument D. Validity
C. Reliability
Which statement is correct about the validity and reliability of an instrument?
A. A reliable instrument is always valid.
B. A valid instrument is always reliable.
C. A valid instrument is not always reliable.
D. A reliable instrument does not need to be valid.
B. A valid instrument is always reliable.
Type of research and their Data collection instrument.
HISTORICAL & EVALUATION
Observation, focus group discussion and
interview.
What type of question is presented in the box below?
[[What comes first to last when it comes to your most preferred mobile game? Put 1 to your most preferred mobile game, 2 to your second preferred game and 3 to the least preferred game.
___ Mobile Legend (ML) ___ League of Legend (LOL) ___ Call of Duty (COD)]]
A. Close-ended question C. Rank-order question
B. Dichotomous question D. Rating-scale question
C. Rank-order question
In Senior high school, all the students were given a pretest at the beginning of the semester. And then at the end of the semester, all the students were given a posttest. The content of the pretest and posttest were usually the same. What type of reliability is applied in this scenario?
A. Construct C. Internal Consistency
B. Criterion Validity D. Stability/Test-Retest
D. Stability/Test-Retest
The researcher created an instrument to measure the perception of the people on the effects of Covid-19 to their life. The researcher used some terms in his survey questions that are known to be unfamiliar to the ordinary people. What do you think is the mistake made by the researcher in formulating his questions?
A. Use of jargon words in the questions
B. Use of sensitive words in the questions
C. Use of words in the questions that are broad in meaning
D. Use of words in the questions that are not anchored in the aims of the study
A. Use of jargon words in the questions
Type of research and their Data collection instrument.
ACTION
Questionnaire and Interview
Type of research and their Data collection instrument.
LONGITUDINAL
Questionnaire, observation, focus group discussion, interview and experiment in case of pure science research.
Type of research and their Data collection instrument.
EXPLORATORY
Questionnaire, observation and interview.
In research, ___________ is a combination of programs or strategies designed to yield behavioral changes among individuals or even an entire population.
intervention
True or False. INTERVIEW can be sent to a large number of people and saves the researcher time and money.
False. QUESTIONNAIRES
True or False. A new and inevitably growing methodology is the use of internet-based research called WEB-BASED QUESTIONNAIRE.
True
True or False. NOTE-PAD QUESTIONNAIRE often includes the closed-ended and multiple-choice type of questions.
False. PAPER-PENCIL QUESTIONNAIRE
According to Salkind (2010), _________ studies the effects of an intervention on an outcome of interest.
The primary purpose is to produce a desirable outcome for individuals in need.
Intervention Research
True or False. Using questionnaire IS APPROPRIATE in all type of research study.
False. NOT
True or False. OBSERVATIONAL techniques are methods by which an individual or individuals gather first-hand data on program, processes, or behaviors being studied.
Eurt
Which part of the table contains the content of the table in its entirely?
A. Body/field
B. Caption
C. Stubs
D. Sources
C. Stubs
a. Intervention research is a kind of research where the researcher aims to make _______ in the subject involved in the study.
b. Interventional studies are often performed in ________ for clinical trials to establish the beneficial effects of drugs or procedures.
a. changes
b. laboratories
Which part of the table uses a number that can be readily mentioned anywhere which serves as a reference and leads us directly to the data mentioned in that particular table.
A. Source
B. Stubs
C. Table
D. Table number
D. Table number
If you are going to construct data tables, what should you use?
A. Title
B. Caption
C. Comparison
D. Spatial classification
C. Comparison
This is one of the most widely used forms of presentation of data since data tables are easy
to construct and read.
Tabular Form
How many ways for construction of a good table? enumerate.
- Title is in accordance with the objective of study
- Comparison (comparing rows/columns are kept closer together)
- Alternative Location of Stubs (right-hand side)
- Headings in Singular Form
- Footnote (only if needed)
- Size of Columns (Uniform and symmetrical)
- Use of Abbreviation (headings and sub-headings wala)
- Units (clear specification)
What is the specific research design used in intervention research?
Experimental Research
Components of Data Tables. Table Number
SPECIFIC table number for ease of access and locating.
Components of Data Tables. Title
A table must contain a title that clearly tells the
readers about the data it CONTAINS, time period of
study, place of study and the nature of classification
of data
Components of Data Tables. Source
When using data obtained from a SECONDARY source, this source has to be mentioned below the footnote.
Components of Data Tables. Body or Field
The body of a table is the content of a table in its
entirety. Each item in a body is known as a ‘cell’.
Components of Data Tables. Headnotes
A headnote further aids in the purpose of a title and displays more information about the table. Generally, headnotes present the units of data in brackets at the end of a table title.
Which part of the table is a counterpart of a stub and indicates the information contained in a column?
A. Body
B. Headings
C. Sources
D. Stubs
C. Sources
It is a part of a table that the number can be readily mentioned anywhere which serves as a reference and leads us directly to the data.
Title Number
Which part of the table you can reflect the number of grade 11 TVL students versus the grade 12 TVL students in the last 3 years at Rizal High School?
A. Body
B. Captions
C. Sources
D. Stubs
A. Body
If you are going to present a table, which part should you reflect the data containing time or period of study, place of study, and nature of classification of data?
A. Captions
B. Headings
C. Sources
D. Title
C. Sources
3 types of Classification of Data and Tabular Presentation
Quantitative Classification
Temporal Classification (time)
Spatial Classification (location)
Interpreting a table means converting a table into _______ form
PROSE form
Steps in Interpreting a Simple Table.
- State the main title on top of the drawn table.
- State the total figure involved, if possible.
- State the breakdown of the total figure from top row to bottom row.
- Build up the comparison in terms of highest to lowest or of other comparable
data. - Summarize the general impact of the whole table.
Components of data tables. Caption vs Stubs
Caption is title of COLUMNS in the data table.
Stubs are title of ROWS in a data table.
It is a type of graph were you can reflect the number of HE4(Tourism) students versus the HE3(Cookery) students in the last 4 years at Rizal High School.
Scatter Plot
It is a type of graph were you can reflect the number of students who stayed in attending school versus the students who dropped from school for the past 5 years.
Scatter Plot
True or False. The bars on the [histogram] can be of varying width and typically display continuous data.
TRUE
True or False. Bar graphs are best used to compare values across categories.
TRUE
Intervention group is also known as the ___________.
experimental group
True or False. Qualitative data defines a subject and is expressed as a number (it can be quantified) that can be analyzed.
FALSE
True or False. Quantitative data describe a subject and cannot be expressed as a number.
FALSE
True or False. A pictogram is a special type of bar graph. Instead of using an axis with numbers, it uses pictures to represent a particular number of items
TRUE
What type of graph must be presented if you need to reflect the number of enrollees per year in Rizal High School for 5 years?
Scatter Plot
What are 5 methods used in Intervention Research?
- Between - Participants Method
- Within - Participants Method
- Matched - Participant Method
- Blinded Method
- Placebo Effects Method
InterventionRes Methods. It is used when comparing one group of subjects to another group. It involves at least TWO GROUPS of randomly assigned participants.
Between - Participants Method
InterventionRes Methods. The SAME GROUP of participants serves as a control group and an
intervention group.
- Less time-consuming, less resources, easier to observe changes.
Within - Participants Method
InterventionRes Methods. The participants in the control group and experimental group are MATCHED in one or more variables. (height, age, etc).
Matched - Participants Method
InterventionRes Methods. Ensure validity and avoid biases.
Single ** Method: EITHER participant or researcher are blind to the manipulation
Double *** Method: BOTH participant or researcher are blind to it
Blinded Method
InterventionRes Methods. In this method, the *** group is being told that they are receiving treatment, when in fact they are not.
- Usually used in clinical trials
Placebo Effects Method
2 Types of Data we can collect and present into Graphs
Qualitative data (aka categorical data)
Quantitative data (aka continuous data)
The 3 types of graph and charts useful for displaying categorical data/qualitative data.
Bar graphs, line graphs, and pie charts
Type of graph/chart useful for displaying continuous data.
Histograms
6 types of presenting data w graphs and charts
Bar Graph
Line Graph
Pie Chart
Scatter Plot
Pictogram
Histogram
Types of Graphs and Charts. A circular chart used to compare parts of the whole.
Pie chart
Types of Graphs and Charts. Typically display continuous data.
Histograms
Types of Graphs and Charts. Display the frequency or proportion of cases that fall within defined intervals or columns.
Histograms
Types of Graphs and Charts. Displays the relationship between two types of information.
Line Graph
Types of Graphs and Charts. Line charts; Typically, the horizontal axis (x-axis) denotes (a)._______ and the vertical axis (y-axis) denotes the (b.)_______ of what is measured
(a.x) time; independent variable
(b.y) frequencies; dependent variable
2 types of gathering data in intervention research:
- Posttest-Only Approach: Both control and exp group are given a posttest after the experiment period.
- Pretest/Posttest Approach: Both groups are given pretest before and posttest after exp period.
Types of Graphs and Charts. the values of two variables are plotted along two axes, the pattern of the resulting points revealing any correlation present.
Scatter Plot
In the research study entitled “Learning enhancement of students in Mathematics using inquiry-based approach: A lesson study”, what is the intervention applied by the researcher?
A. A Lesson Study
B. Learning Enhancement
C. Inquiry-Based Approach
D. Inquiry-Based Approach: A Lesson Study
D. Inquiry-Based Approach: A Lesson Study
Which of the following is an example of intervention research?
A. Difficulties encountered by the TVL students during their JDVP training
B. Application of positive discipline in enhancing the class performance of Sports students
C. Insights of Arts and Design students on the reason behind the success of their Art Festival
D. Influence of teachers’ personality in the motivation of the Academic track students to learn
B. Application of positive discipline in enhancing the class performance of Sports students
What should be the first thing a researcher should consider before conducting intervention research?
A. To identify and analyze the research problem
B. To observe the possible participants of the study
C. To test if the intervention made is effective or not
D. To develop the program/strategy/techniques to use as an intervention
A. To identify and analyze the research problem
What do you call a group of participants receiving a treatment?
A. Blind Group C. Intervention Group
B. Control Group D. Placebo Group
C. Intervention Group
What research intervention method is best to use when the researchers
have limited numbers of participants?
A. Between – Participants C. Outside - Participants
B. Match – Participants D. Within – Participants
D. Within – Participants
Which of the following is an example of intervention research?
A. Experiences of the TVL students during their JDVP training
B. Insights of Arts and Design students on the effectiveness of art-related vlog in enhancing their artistic skills
C. Perception of Sports students on the effects of energy drink during their training period
D. Application of gamified remedial approach in improving the content mastery of struggling students in Academic track
D. Application of gamified remedial approach in improving the content mastery of struggling students in Academic track
The researchers conducted intervention research. They randomly grouped their participants into two. After grouping their participants, the researchers proceeded with an experimental period where one group received treatment. Then after the experimental period, both groups were post-tested. What approach did the researchers use in their study?
A. Pretest-Only Approach C. Posttest-Only Approach
B. Pretest/Posttest Approach D. Posttest/Posttest Approach
C. Posttest-Only Approach
Types of Graphs and Charts. Trends from the slope of the line. If the line is pointing to the upper right corner, then the slope is ________. If the line is pointing to the lower right corner, then the slope is _________.
positive; negative
This refers to the process of collecting information from the target sources.
In quantitative research, this relies on instruments that fit various experiences into predetermined responses producing results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize.
Data Collection
What are the two types of data sources?
Primary Sources: They provide raw data which can be collected from the original source like experimental test result, questionnaire survey, interview,
and observation.
Secondary Sources: These are sources of data that have already been collected and published by someone else such as books, reports, journals, magazines, newspapers, online articles, and others.
What are the 4 methods in collecting data?
Structured Interview
Questionnaire
Structured Observation
Tests
DataCollection Method. This method of collecting data involves the presentation of VERBAL replies from the respondents.
Structured Interview
DataCollection Method. It serves as a standard GUIDE of the researcher in asking information from the respondents.
Four sections: Respondents’ identification data > Introduction > Instruction > Information
Questionnaire (Survey)
DataCollection Method. A way of collecting data by watching behavior, events, or noting physical characteristics in a natural setting.
Structured Observation
DataCollection Method. This method provides a way to assess the subject’s knowledge and capacity to apply knowledge to new situations.
Tests
Which of the following is true about Bivariate Analysis?
A. It aims to find out whether there exists an association between two variables.
B. It aims to find out whether there exists an association between four variables.
C. It aims to find out whether there exists an association between three
variables.
D. It aims to find out whether there exists an association between one variable
and standard measure.
A. It aims to find out whether there exists an association between two variables.
Which of the following best describes positive correlation?
A. When one variable increases, the other variables decrease.
B. When one variable increases, the other variables increase as well.
C. When one variable increases, the other variables remain constant.
D. When one variable increases, the other variables either increase or decrease.
B. When one variable increases, the other variables increase as well.
Which of the following best describes negative correlation?
A. When one variable increases, the other variables decrease.
B. When one variable increases, the other variables increase as well.
C. When one variable increases, the other variables remain constant.
D. When one variable increases, the other variables either increase or decrease.
A. When one variable increases, the other variables decrease.
What statistical technique is particularly useful in tests evaluating a relationship between nominal or ordinal data?
Chi-Square
The researchers aim to determine if there is a strong association between the grades of students in PR1 and their grades in PR2. They establish the ranking of
grades of 100 selected students. What statistical techniques is best to use?
Spearman Rho
Statistical measure of the dependence or association of two numbers.
The correlation coefficient, also commonly known as Pearson correlation,
The statistics being used based on ranks or position is the S.. It represents the extent to which the same individuals or events occupy the same relative position on two variables.
Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient (Spearman Rho)
3 types of interviews that could be used:
Face-to-face Interview: most frequently used which directly acquires information from respondents.
Telephone Interview: No time to meet personally
Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI): interviewer brings a laptop and directly enters the info from respondent to the database.
3 types of questionnaire:
Paper-pencil: traditional way, can be sent to large number of respondents.
Web-based: internet-based where respondents receive email that contains an address that would take them to the questionnaire
Mail: Distributed through mail.
It is the most used method of comparing proportions grouped in two nominal categories.
Chi-Square Test
Questionnaires usually make use of a _________ and ________ to help researchers simplify and quantify respondents’ behaviors and attitudes.
checklist and rating scale
What type of t-test to use?
* If the groups come from a single population (e.g. measuring before and after an experimental treatment)
paired t-test
What type of t-test to use?
* If the groups come from two different populations (e.g. two different species, or people from two separate cities)
two-sample t-test (also known as independent t-test).
What type of t-test to use?
*If there is one group being compared against a standard value (e.g. comparing the acidity of a liquid to a neutral pH of 7)
one-sample t-test.
When One-tailed or two-tailed t-test?
depende sa population
One-tailed (one population mean is greater than or less than the other)
Two-tailed ( two populations are different from one another)
A statistical test (> 30) used to determine whether two population means are different when the variances are known, and the sample size is large.
Z-test
One sample Z-test vs Two sample Z-test
want to know whether the difference between A
sample mean and the population mean is large enough to be statistically significant, that is, if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
testing TWO means when the variance is known and T-test if the variance is unknown.
we use this to test equality among several means by comparing variance among groups relative to variance within groups. It is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of three or more groups.
ANOVA
One-way Anova vs Two-way Anova
It is used to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated) groups.
It is used when you only have ONE independent variable affecting dependent variable.
It is used to estimate how the mean of a quantitative variable changes according to the levels of two categorical variables. It is used when you only have
TWO independent variables affecting dependent variable.
4 types of observation:
Overt: Respondents are aware they are being observed
Covert: Respondents are unaware
Direct: Observation occurs during interaction
Indirect: Observation occurs on the result of interaction
3 types of tests:
Norm-referenced test. It provides information on how the subject performs against a normative group (e.g. SAT, IQ test, entrance exam).
Criterion-referenced test. It determines whether the subjects have attained mastery of skills (e.g. pretest, posttest, quizzes).
Proficiency test. It provides an assessment about the level of skill attainment and includes standards for performance at varying levels of proficiency (e.g.
English proficiency test).
Which of the following shows the advantage of using a face-to-face interview?
A. It is less expensive.
B. It is less time-consuming.
C. It is practical to use in a large sample.
D. It establishes rapport between researcher and respondent.
D. It establishes rapport between researcher and respondent.
A research teacher in a certain public school is having a class observation. There are some observers at the back of the class to observe the teacher and the students’ interaction. What type of observation is used in this scenario?
A. Covert-Direct Observation C. Overt-Direct Observation
B. Covert-Indirect Observation D. Overt-Indirect Observation
C. Overt-Direct Observation
- A group of nutritionists conducted research to evaluate the level of satisfaction of the students to their new product. They decided to distribute a sample of their product to their target respondents for a free tasting. Afterward, they distributed their questionnaire to get the feedback of their respondents. What data collection method was applied by the researchers in their study?
A. Interview C. Survey
B. Observation D. Test
C. Survey
Which of the following shows the correct advantage of using a web-page questionnaire?
A. It is much quicker and less detailed.
B. It ensures the accuracy of respondents’ responses.
C. It includes people who do not have computer or laptop.
D. It establishes rapport between researcher and respondent.
A. It is much quicker and less detailed.
Most of the College schools conducted an entrance exam to determine the students’ ability and skills. Also, the result of the entrance test could help the school if the students attained the standards set by the school. What type of test would the entrance exam be classified?
A. Construct-referenced test C. Norm-referenced test
B. Criterion-referenced test D. Proficiency test
C. Norm-referenced test
A group of SHS students conducted a research study to assess the perception of the students on the tourist spots in Pasig. The researchers created an internet site containing the questions in their research instrument. They send the link of their website to their respective respondents in order to take their responses. What data collection method is used in this scenario?
A. Interview C. Survey Questionnaire
B. Observation D. Test
C. Survey Questionnaire
What type of data analysis is used to summarize the data and making a simple interpretation out of it?
A. Descriptive Analysis C. Hypothetical Analysis
B. Inferential Analysis D. Proportional Analysis
A. Descriptive Analysis
What statistical measure is used when the researcher aims to determine the average point of his/her data?
A. Frequency C. Percentage
B. Mean D. Standard Deviation
B. Mean
What measurement scale is used when labeling a variable without quantitative value?
A. Interval Scale C. Ordinal Scale
B. Nominal Scale D. Ratio Scale
B. Nominal Scale
Which of the following questions can be answered using mode?
A. How many students are there in RHS based on year level?
B. What is the average score of the students in their first quarter exam?
C. What is/are the most occurred score/s of the students in their first quarter exam?
D. How distant is the scores of the students from last section to the students from first section?
C. What is/are the most occurred score/s of the students in their first quarter exam?
Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of data analysis in research?
A. To record data for future use
B. To gather data from the respondents
C. To know the needed data in order to establish a valid instrument
D. To extract useful information that can be used to conclusion-making
D. To extract useful information that can be used to conclusion-making
What is TRUE about descriptive data analysis?
A. It is used to test a hypothesis.
B. It is used to draw inferences from the collected data.
C. It is used to simply describe what is or what the data shows.
D. It is used to make prediction of what would be the possible outcome of the study.
C. It is used to simply describe what is or what the data shows.
Which of the following is not classify under central tendency?
A. Frequency C. Median
B. Mean D. Mode
A. Frequency
What statistical measure is used to determine how spread each data from the mean?
A. Frequency C. Range
B. Mean D. Standard Deviation
D. Standard Deviation
The researcher aims to know how much weight children could gain per week in a feeding program. What measuring scale should be used by the researcher?
A. Interval Scale C. Ordinal Scale
B. Nominal Scale D. Ratio Scale
D. Ratio Scale
The researcher wishes to know how many respondents said they are satisfied, somehow satisfied, and not satisfied on the new product launched by the X company. What statistical measure is best to use for this scenario?
A. Frequency C. Range
B. Mean D. Standard Deviation
A. Frequency
What is the type of data analysis used to make inferences about the data?
A. Descriptive Analysis C. Hypothetical Analysis
B. Inferential Analysis D. Proportional Analysis
B. Inferential Analysis
Which statistical test is used to determine the significant difference between the means of three or more groups of respondents on one or more variables?
A. ANOVA C. T-test
B. Pearson r D. Z-test
A. ANOVA
What statistical test is best to use when the researchers aim to know the significant difference between the means of two comparing groups on one or more variables?
A. ANOVA C. Spearman rho
B. Chi-square D. T-test
D. T-test
The researcher aims to determine whether there is significant association between professions and gender. Professions can be engineer, teacher, doctor, lawyer, and others. Gender can be male or female. The variables used by the researcher are both categorical. What statistical test is best to apply by the researcher in his/her data analysis?
A. Chi-square C. Spearman rho
B. Pearson r D. T-test
A. Chi-square
The researcher wishes to determine if there is a correlation between a student’s grades in math subject and science subject. What is the best statistical test to use in this scenario?
A. ANOVA C. Pearson r
B. Chi-square D. Z-test
D. Z-test
Which is not used to test the difference between variables?
A. ANOVA C. T-test
B. Chi-square D. Z-test
B. Chi-square
What statistical test is used to determine the relationship between two ordinal
variables?
A. ANOVA C. Spearman rho
B. Pearson r D. T-test
C. Spearman rho
What statistical test is best to use when the researchers aim to know the significant difference between the means of more than two comparing groups?
A. ANOVA C. Spearman rho
B. Chi-square D. T-test
A. ANOVA
In the question ‘Is there a significant relationship between students’ results in their math anxiety test and math class performance”, what statistical test is best to use?
A. Chi-square C. Spearman rho
B. Pearson r D. T-test
B. Pearson
The researcher wishes to know if modular strategy is helpful in enhancing students’ performance. He plans to compare the class performance of his students before and after the implementation of modular strategy. To determine if there is a significant difference of the results of two groups, what should be used by the researcher?
A. ANOVA C. Pearson r
B. Chi-square D. T-test
D. T-test
What type of hypothesis is always tested by the researcher?
A. Alternative Hypothesis C. Simple Hypothesis
B. Null Hypothesis D. Void Hypothesis
B. Null Hypothesis
What type of error is committed when the researcher rejected the null hypothesis
when in fact it is true?
A. Type I error C. Type III error
B. Type II error D. Type IV error
A. Type I error
What is the first step to be done by the researcher once he/she starts testing
his/her hypothesis?
A. Collect the needed data for his/her study.
B. State the null hypothesis of his/her study.
C. Choose what statistical test needs to perform for his/her data.
D. Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis of his/her study.
B. State the null hypothesis of his/her study.
The researcher aims to determine whether gender influences height. Which of the following statement shows the correct null hypothesis of this study?
A. There is a significant difference between gender and height of the respondents.
B. There is a significant relationship between gender and height of the respondents.
C. There is no significant difference between gender and height of the respondents.
D. There is no significant relationship between gender and height of the respondents.
C. There is no significant difference between gender and height of the respondents.
Which of the following topics could hypothesis testing be applicable?
A. Evaluation of the impact of mass media during the Covid-19 pandemic
B. Level of satisfaction of the SHS students on the New Normal in Education
C. Gender differences in leadership performance of Barangay captains in Pasig
D. The perception of the SHS students on the effects of distance learning to their motivation in learning
C. Gender differences in leadership performance of Barangay captains in Pasig
