DRRR Quiz 1 Q4 Flashcards
This is a type of solid precipitation.
(a) _____________ is the individual piece layered, rounded, irregularly-shaped ice which occasionally produce during thunderstorms.
Hail
a. Hailstone
When a thunderstorm produces a hail, it’s called:
Hail Storm
What is the diameter of hailstone?
1 mm to 20 cm
Hailstones are formed when a (a) [high/low] amount of moist warm air ascends very (b) [slowly/quickly] into thunderstorm clouds with a large proportion (c) [above/below] the freezing level.
a. high
b. quickly
c. above
Why is hail formation not common in the Philippines?
- Hail happens in mid-latitude continental regions (temperate region)
Hail formation is favored when the freezing level in an area is (more than/less than) ____________________.
less than apprx. 3400 meter high
Three reasons why hail favored in freezing level < 3400 m high?
- LOWER TEMP
- STRONGER UPDRAFTS caused by horizontal winds that is forced upwards upon hitting mountains (orographic lifting).
- SHORTER DISTANCE between clouds and high grounds which delays melting of hailstone
Hazards due to Hail Storm:
*Hail storms in the Philippines usually form only small hail stones which cause MINOR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.
*Hail storms also may potentially pose hazards to AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS
*It also has destructive effects on SENSITIVE CROPS such us corn, wheat, soybeans, and tobacco.
*Very rarely hail storms been the direct cause of severe or fatal PHYSICAL INJURIES
A narrow, funnel-or cylindrical-shaped and intensely-rotating columns of wind form during powerful thunderstorms and extends from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud down to the earth’s surface.
Tornadoes
Basically the same as tornadoes, the only difference is that the rotating column of wind moves over a body of water.
Waterspouts
Formation. Most tornadoes or watersprouts are spawned by _______________.
thunderstorms
Formation of Tornado/Watersprouts:
When (a) warm [moist/dry] winds and (b) cool [moist/dry] winds coming from different directions with different (c) [speed/intensity] meet, INSTABILITY occurs in (d) [upper/lower] atmosphere.
a. moist
b. dry
c. speed
d. lower
Safety Tips. What is the important phrase to keep in mind during a tornado (NOAA)?
“Get in, get down, and cover up!”
Relatively small, localized sources of violently descending strong winds (and precipitation) that travel along a straight line paths during thunderstorms.
Downbursts
How long does downbursts last and how fast can it reach?
Last for a couple of minutes and as fast as 240 kph
How is downbursts formed?
During thunderstorm, a point when rain and (sometimes) hail becomes heavy enough to fall.
Continuing updraft can be very strong that only small amounts are allowed to pass through and fall.
How is downbursts formed?
During thunderstorm, a point when rain and (sometimes) hail becomes heavy enough to fall.
Continuing updraft can be very strong that only small amounts are allowed to pass through and fall.
Damages that downbursts can cause:
aviation (aircrafts)
unstable, poorly constructed unfinished structures
vehicles
vegetation
Severe, slow-moving thunderstorms pour a large amount of precipitation over a very limited areal extent.
These can also cause widespread of soil erosion and landslides.
Flashfloods
The abnormal rise of water level in rivers, coastal areas, plains, and in highly urbanized centers which may be a result of natural phenomena, human activities, or both.
Flooding
Flooding duration:
few minutes to several days or weeks
natural processes or phenomena that are of atmospheric, hydrologic, or oceanographic.
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
May cause the loss of lives, damage to property, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
The geographic location of the Philippines accounts for the high frequency of occurrence of these hazards.
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
A SEVERE weather disturbance characterized by strong WINDS and heavy RAINS which revolve around a central LOW PRESSURE area.
Typhoons
The most powerful type of tropical cyclone that forms in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
Typhoons
Tropical Cyclones has a total diameter of ___km but can be more than ____km wide.
550 km - 2000 km
Tropical Cyclones have a lifespan of ___days and can travel more than _____km
9 days > 10,000 km
Most destructive natural phenomena worldwide.
Tropical Cyclones
Another name for TROPICAL CYCLONE and where.
“Hurricanes” in northeast Pacific & northern Atlantic regions.
Distinction of Tropical Cylones according to their maximum sustained-wind speed
Tropical Depression
Tropical Storm
Severe Tropical Strom
Typhoon
Super Typhoon
Tropical Depression
below 62 kph
Tropical Storm
62 kph - 88 kph
Severe Tropical Storm
87 kph - 117 kph
Typhoon
118 kph - 184 kph
Super Typhoon
above 185 kph
Composition of Tropical Cyclones
Eye
Eye wall
Surrounding ring bands
Area of lowest atmospheric pressure in the structure of a tropical cyclone.
Eye
Tropical Cyclone. Characteristics within the EYE
may span 20-65 km WIDE
Winds are WEAK
Temperature is WARM;
and the Sky is CLEAR.
Tropical Cyclone. Characteristics within the EYE WALL
can reach as high as 15 km above mean sea level
STRONGEST wind
HEAVY rain
turbulence.
The region immediately surrounding the tropical cyclone’s center.
Eye Wall
Are spiraling strips of clouds in the fringes of tropical cyclones which are associated with rainfall.
Rain Bands
the winds of tropical cyclones blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere due to the _________
Coriolis Effect
the winds of tropical cyclones blow (a)______ in the Northern Hemisphere and (b)________in the Southern Hemisphere
a. counterclockwise
b. clockwise
Why Do Tropical Cyclones Form?
Form as a result of the atmosphere’s natural tendency to MAINTAIN EQUILIBRIUM by REDISTRIBUTING through wind from the equatorial regions.
3 main components in the formation of Tropical Cyclones
Warm Sea
High Water/Vapor Content
Warm air
atmospheric pressure to air molecules = Low pressure area
Effects of Tropical Cyclone
Strong winds
Storm Surge
Heavy Rains
Impending signs of a Typhoon
Increased ocean Swell
Changes in clouds (cumulus clouds 36 hrs b4 Typhoon)
Barometric Pressure Drop (atmospheric pressure)
Abrupt Change in wind speed (high to low pressure)
Measures for Mitigating the Destructive Effects of Typhoon
Geohazard maps prepared by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
Effective public typhoon warning systems. PAGASA public storm warning signals
1 - BLUE (30-60)
2 - YELLOW (61-120)
3 - ORANGE (121-170)
4 - RED (118-184)
5 - PINK (185 ABOVE)
Rainfall warning system
monitor- YELLOW (7.5 mm - 15 mm)
alert- ORANGE (15 mm - 30 mm)
evacuate- RED (30 mm ABOVE)
Localized unusual increase of sea water level beyond the predicted astronomical tide level
Storm Surge
Storm surges are due to
Intense winds and lowered atmospheric pressure during the passage of an intense tropical cyclone from the sea to the land.
Tsunami vs Storm Surge
Tsunamis have way longer wavelengths (tens to hundreds of kilometers) compared to storm surges (tens to hundreds of meters).
9 Factors of Storm Surge
-Wind speed (intensity/hampas)
-Pressure Effect (low pressure)
-Size (^ bigger ^ Bigger affected area)
-Storm Forward Speed (^ velocity)
-Angle Approach to coast (Perpendicular = higher storm surge)
-Earth’s Rotation (Coriolis effect)
-Rainfall Effect
-Geometry of coastal areas
-Timing
Factor of storm surge. Appearance of the ocean or sea bottom resulting from the variation in depth in different portions.
Bathymetry
Factor of storm surge. Wide, low-lying areas with elevation of only a few meters above sea level are vulnerable to storm surges.
Topography (land configuration resulting from variation in elevation).
Shape of the coastline. Storm surge level is higher when a tropical cyclone hits a concave coastline, this is because of the_____ , which is simply the entrapment in a smaller accommodation space of water being dumped by the strong winds.
funneling effect
What to Do in the Event of an Impending Storm Surge
- Listening to official warnings of storm surges issued by PAGASA through television or radio.
- Find the nearest safe high ground where you can evacuate.
- When evacuating, bring with you only what is important and essential.
- Your planned route of evacuation should avoid streams, drainage channels, and any other conduits of water as flash foods can occur and can be life-threatening.
A violent, transient type of weather disturbance associated with thousands of meters tall cumulonimbus clouds.
Thunderstorm
Requirements for the formation of a thunderstorm
MOISTURE (water vapor) produce clouds and precipitation during storm formation;
an UNSTABLE, rapidly rising mass of WARM AIR; and
A strong upward current of air (UPDRAFT) to force moisture to higher, colder levels of atmosphere.
Thunderstorms involve
lightning and thunder
strong winds
intense rainfall
occasionally tornadoes
hail.
Cycle of thunderstorm
- Developing or cumulus stage (updraft formation of cumulus cloud due to continuous updraft and supply of moisture.)
- mature stage (downdraft and by precipitation.)
- The final or dissipating stage (dominant downdrafts)
Stable updraft warm air. Decrease of temperature without tanggal of air
Adiabatic Cooling
Surrounding air will also decrease in temperature
Environmental lapse rate
Is the abrupt, natural, visible, high-voltage electrical discharge which takes place when positive and negative charges join within a cloud, between clouds, or between the clouds and the ground.
Lightning
Acoustic effect of sudden expansion of air caused by the heat released during lightning strike.
Thunder
More accurate term than just lightning when referring to the most dangerous type of lightning.
Cloud-to-ground lightning
what is kulog
rapid expansion of air molecules
How lightning develops
charge eme
