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Q4 > Philosophy > Flashcards

Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

These are acts originating from the individual performing the act using knowledge about the situations of the act.

A

Voluntary Actions

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2
Q

What are the 2 classifications of voluntary actions?

A

Voluntary & Related to Compulsion

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3
Q

Class of Voluntary Act. Actions are performed from will and reason.

A

Voluntary

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4
Q

Class of Voluntary Act. It is considered as mixed of voluntary and involuntary. It is more voluntary if the desire and choice has been performed and involuntary if it has considered preferences or alternatives.

A

Related to Compulsion

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5
Q

These are acts done under a) force or coercion and b). ignorance where the doer failed to understand the effect and feels sorry on the result.

A

Involuntary Actions

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6
Q

What are the 2 classifications of involuntary actions?

A

Under Compulsion & Ignorance

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7
Q

Class of Involuntary Act. Circumstances which are beyond the control of the agent and contributes none to the action.

A

Under Compulsion

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8
Q

Class of Involuntary Act. Through _______ of particular circumstances.

A

Ignorance

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9
Q

This is a choice which is deliberately selected based on a MORAL STANDPOINT. Basically, they are normative answers about what we ought to do from a moral system that we uphold and its moral principles.

A

Intellectual Choice

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10
Q

A choice which is borne out of psychological and emotional CONSIDERATIONS. Unlike the previously discussed type of choice, these are made when confronted with the actual situation, and usually affected by psychological aspect of the person embroiled in the moral situation or dilemma.

A

Practical Choice

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11
Q

What are the three kinds of freedom?

A

Physical Freedom
Psychological Freedom
Moral Freedom

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12
Q

FreedomKinds. Refers to the absence of any physical restraint.

A

Physical Freedom

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13
Q

FreedomKinds. Refers to freedom to make the RIGHT and WISE decision

A

Psychological Freedom

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14
Q

FreedomKinds. Refers to an action that upholds human dignity and goodness.

A

Moral Freedom

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15
Q

For Aristotle, _________ is a virtue of thought that is PRACTICAL rather than theoretical and DELIBERATIVE rather than intuitive.

It is the intellectual virtue that perfects reasoning in regard to decision making in the realm of human action.

A

Prudence or Practical Wisdom

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16
Q

What are two ways that demonstrates freedom of choice?

A

“The act itself does not make a man guilty unless his intention were so.”

“An act done by me against my will is not my act.”

Both means that the act can not be criminal unless the mind is criminal

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17
Q

In order that an act may be considered as having performed with deliberate intent (freedom), the following must be seen:

A

a.) A person must have FREEDOM while doing an act or omitting to do an act.
b.) A person must have INTELLIGENCE while doing the act or omitting to do the act.
c.) He must have INTENT while doing the act or omitting to do the act.

ifi

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18
Q

According to a. _______________

b. ___________ is an interaction between persons that happens through speech or the use of words, expressions, and body language.

A deeper and more genuine interaction which is made possible when the self realizes that the other is a genuine and unique individual.

A

a. Abella (2016)
b. Dialogue

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19
Q

The word Dialogue comes from two Greek roots:

A

dia: through or across
logue: discourse or talk

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20
Q

He (a. __________) mention that in a conversation, there could be a (b. ________) which is trying to express the (c. ________). It attempts to articulate who and what we are, not as a particular individual but as human beings.

A

a. Heidegger
b. stammer
c. unnamable

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21
Q

“__________________ enables individuals to ACKNOWLEDGE that each are part of a greater whole, that they NATURALLY RESONATE with others within this whole and that the whole is, indeed, greater than the sum of its various parts. As participants in such a holistic process, together they can produce greater results than they would just as individuals without this meaningful connection”

According to _________, former ASPA National Council member of Global Meaning Institute.

A

Authentic dialogue; Alex Pattakos

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22
Q

A _________ is a social imposition on people who have IMPAIRMENTS, making it more difficult for people to do certain activities or interact with the world around them.

A

disability

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23
Q

Someone (a. __________) does not have the advantages other people have. They usually live in poverty.

A privilege is a (b. _____________), people who are underprivileged lack such rights and advantages.

A

a. underprivileged
b. right or an advantage

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24
Q

According to the United Nations the term __________ are used to apply to ALL persons with disabilities including those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments which, in interaction with various attitudinal and environmental barriers, [hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.]

A

PWDs or person with disabilities

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25
Q

These are people who have less in financial and possessions and opportunities compared to other people in the society.

They were deprived or disadvantaged to learn and read or even government cuts. They are families who usually LIVE IN POVERTY because they don’t have place to live, money, education, or food to survive in daily basis.

A

Underprivileged Sectors

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26
Q

The ________________________ (CRPD), states that all persons with all types of disabilities must enjoy all ______________________.

A

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities;

human rights and fundamental freedoms

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27
Q

According to the book of Ramos, what are the 5 characteristics of representing deprivation?

The most common measurement of the underprivileged is _______, that defined into consumption of goods and services.

A

income, health, education, empowerment and working condition [WEEHI]

income

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28
Q

Various advocacies supporting persons with disabilities have resulted in the institution of events and commemorations such as the __________, an international sports competition modeled after the Olympics that features athletes with disabilities.

A

Paralympics

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29
Q

An act “providing for the rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance of disabled person and their integration into the mainstream of society and for other purposes was enacted to GRANT THE RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES for disabled persons.

A

Republic Act No. 7277

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30
Q

_____________ or the Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act

to sustain the manner of provision to the minimum basic needs of food, health, education, housing, and other essential amenities of life TO SUSTAIN the BASIC NEEDS of the BASIC SECTORS in the Philippines.

A

Republic Act 8425

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31
Q

SRA. What are the reforms that is the multi-dimensional approach to poverty?

A

(1) SOCIAL dimension access to quality basic services
(2) ECONOMIC dimension asset reform and access to economic opportunities
(3) ECOLOGICAL dimension sustainable development of productive resources
(4) GOVERNANCE dimension democratizing the decision-making and management processes

GEES

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31
Q

Adaptation and integration of __________ (SRA) in the national Anti-Poverty Action Agenda shall principally include the principles and programs of the SRA and shall have a multi-dimensional approach to poverty consisting of the following reforms.

A

Social Reform Agenda

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32
Q

__________ is including people with disabilities in everyday activities and encouraging them to have roles like their peers who do not have a disability.

A

Disability Inclusion

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33
Q

(a. ____________) is vital to achieve the goals of ending the extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity.

Promotion of (b. ____________) emphasizes that this is critical development interventions and for achieving sustainable development.

A

a. Social Inclusion
b. investment project financing

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34
Q

Different people adopt _________ belief.

A

different

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35
Q

Society is _________ and pervasive and has no defined ________ or assignable limits.

A

universal; boundary

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36
Q

___________ are products of the past and contemporary beliefs and actions of individuals.

A

Social Contexts

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37
Q

Individuals are not ___________ beings capable of governing their own lives unaffected by external social forces.

A

autonomous

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38
Q

She, _____________, believed that society exerted a powerful force on individuals.

A

Emile Durkheim

39
Q

It is a group of people who shares a common lifestyle and organization.

A

Society

40
Q

A ___________ may be defined as a plurality of individuals interacting with each other according to shared cultural norms and meanings.

A

social system

41
Q

What are the 4 functions of social system according to TALCOTT PARSONS?

A

Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, Pattern Maintenance

SS-AGIP

42
Q

SocialSystems Functions. The GAINING OF CONTROL over conditions in environments of the system. These processes involve DEVELOPING new resources or IMPROVING allocations of resources to strengthen a system’s capabilities and efficiencies.

A

Adaptation

43
Q

SocialSystems Functions. The processes of ORGANIZING the activities of social units to bring about a valued state in the system’s relationships to its environments, typically including other social systems.

A

Goal Attainment

44
Q

SocialSystems Functions. The processes of MUTUAL ADJUSTMENT among a system’s components to promote their long-term dependence on one another and attachment to the system.

A

Integration

45
Q

SocialSystems Functions. The processes of developing long-term commitment to values and other principles that DISTINGUISH the system from its environments.

A

Pattern Maintenance

46
Q

What are the 3 basic responsibilities of an individual?

A

Respect, Cooperation, Participation

CPR

47
Q

Responsibility of Individual. Every individual is expected to TAKE ACTIVE PART in all the important activities being held in the society.

A

Participate in Society’s Activities [PARTICIPATION]

48
Q

Responsibility of Individual. Each society has certain rules defined and every individual must RESPECT and abide by them.

A

Follow the rules of a society [RESPECT]

49
Q

Responsibility of Individual. Culture itself means to have certain values. The RELATIONSHIP of every individual with the neighbors should be friendly and healthy.

A

Be in A Harmonious Relationship with Neighbors [COOPERATION]

50
Q

What are 2 human relations that can influence and transform social systems?

A

Religions & Cultural Preferences

51
Q

Man is a social animal mainly because of the following three reasons:

A
  • Man is Social BY NATURE
  • NECESSITY makes Man a Social Animal
  • For The Development of Mind and Personality Man LIVES IN SOCIETY
52
Q

Functionalists regard the individual as formed by society through the influence of 3 institutions such as the _________________

A

family, school, and workplace

fws

53
Q

_________ are people who examined society as existing apart form the individual.

Who are 3 philosophers that are considered as such?

A

Functionalists

Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx

54
Q

For Durkheim, society is _________; it is first in origin and importance to the individual.

A

reality

55
Q

In contrast to _____________ (known as father of sociology), who regarded the individual as a mere __________, a somewhat more substantial position by Durkheim held that the individual was the recipient of group influence and social heritage.

A

Auguste Comte; abstraction

56
Q

What are the 6 elements that society possesses?

A
  1. Likeness
  2. The Reciprocal Awareness
  3. Differences
  4. Interdependence
  5. Cooperation
  6. Conflict

RL DICC :o

57
Q

Society Elements. _____ of members in a social group is the primary basis of their MUTUALITY.

A

Likeliness

58
Q

Society Elements. Likeness is generative of this. Once some are AWARE of the mutual likeness, they, certainly differentiate against those who are not like them.

A

The Reciprocal Awareness

59
Q

Society Elements. This does not exclude diversity or variation. The social structure of humanity is based on the family which rests upon the biological DIFFERENCES between the sexes. The economic structure of society is based on division of labor in which econ activities of people are different or DISSIMILAR.

A

Differences

60
Q

Society Elements. It is not possible for human being to satisfy his desire in isolation. He cannot live alone. He needs the HELP OF OTHERS for his survival. Society fulfills all the needs of the people.

A

Interdependence

61
Q

Society Elements. Without this, no society can exist.

If the members of the society do not WORK TOGETHER for the common purposes, they cannot lead a happy and comfortable life. This avoids mutual destructiveness and results in economy.

A

Cooperation

62
Q

Society Elements. Not only cooperation but also ______ is necessary for the formation of society. They must coexist in a healthy society.

This is a process of struggle through which all things have come into existence.

A

Conflict

63
Q

According to ___________, a conflict free harmonious society is an impossibility.

Society requires for its formation and growth both harmony and disharmony, cooperation, and conflict.

A

George Simmel

64
Q

______________ rightly states that “Cooperation crossed by conflict marks society wherever it is revealed.”

What are some other 7 elements of society that he stated?

A

Robert M. Maclver

usages, procedures, authority, mutual aid, groupings, controls, and liberties.

MUGCLAP

65
Q

According to __________. “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

A

Socrates

66
Q

What are the two processes in Socratic Method?

A

Ironic Process
Maieutic Process

67
Q

Processes in Socratic Method. Make the seeker of knowledge clear his mental decks for action; it makes the mind clears of prejudices and leads to a humble and sincere confession of ignorance.

A

Ironic Process

68
Q

Processes in Socratic Method. After clearing one’s mind, this method uses to draw out the truth from his students; this is usually done through a dialogue or a conversation.

A

Maieutic Process

69
Q

Based on Socrates view on __________, “To make a person happy, he must live a _____ life. Virtue is not something to be taught or acquired through education, but rather it is merely an awakening of the seeds of good seeds that lay dormant in the mind and heart of a person.”

A

happiness; virtuous

70
Q

According to _________ in his theory on immorality, “Human persons’ body is the source of endless trouble by reason of the mere requirement of food, and is liable also to diseases, which overtake and impede us in the search after true being it infuse us full of love, lusts and fears, and fancies of all kinds, and endless foolishness”.

A

Plato

71
Q

To concretize Plato’s theory, human person must (a. ___________).

(b. __________) in the mind of Plato means that the mind is in communion with the universal and eternal ideas.

This is the only available means for a mortal human to free himself from space-time confinement to ascend to heaven of ideas and commune with immortal, eternal, infinite, and divine truths.

A

a. contemplate
b. Contemplation

72
Q

To realize one’s potential, _______ said, “everything in nature seeks to realize itself to develop its personalities and finally realize its actualities. All things have strived toward their “end”.

A

Aristotle

73
Q

Aristotle. ________ means that nothing happens by chance. It is the potentiality to be changing.

A

Entelechy

74
Q

What is the etymology of entelechy?

A

A greek word meaning “to become its essence”

75
Q

Aristotle. Nature not only has a built-in pattern, but also different levels of (a. __________).

Some creatures, such as humans, have more (b. ________ than ________) and some, such as bees, have more (c. ________ than _________). Meanwhile, for the world of potential things to exist at all, there must first be something actual at a level above potential or perishing things.

A

a. being
b. actuality than potentiality
c. potentiality than actuality

76
Q

[Additional info:]

a. Refer to the capacity, power, ability, or CHANCE for something to happen or occur.
b. Refer to a potential or potentiality that has been fulfilled, MADE REAL, or brought into being.

A

a. potentiality
b. actuality

hazards = potentiality, disaster = actuality
analogy :D

77
Q

a. Who?

He was not a supporter of the bourgeoisie, nor encouraging that the Enlightenment should be thrown away.

In this statement what he rejected was the concept of the (b. _____), stemming from tradition and Christianity. He was affirming that Enlightenment was a movement that deepened this concept, made it widespread in modern culture, and inhibited the ability to create the values.

Regarded wrongly as the anti-enlightenment thinker.

the Enlightenment’ or ‘modernity’ was not itself of central importance in his treatment of major contemporary institutions”.

A

a. Friedrich Nietzsche
b. absolute

78
Q

About Self and Life. (a. _______________)’s theory of life like Nietzsche essentially lived up to the “b. ___________” that Socrates put forward.

A

a. Arthur Schopenhaeur
b. “know yourself”

79
Q

Schopenhauer thought “everything in the world was an ___________”.

A

appearance

80
Q

Schopenhauer’s “I will” was borrowed from Kant’s “________”, think “will” is the ________of the world, will is “self”, so the ________of life should be in the “will”, rather than the “_______” to look for.

A

the thing itself;
essence;
meaning;
rational;

81
Q

Schopenhauer reiterated that every action of the human being, like life in nature, was the result of _____.

A

will

82
Q

Schopenhauer. This “will”, was the will of life, a blind, persistent, (voluntary/involuntary) impulse.

A

involuntary impulse control

83
Q

Schopenhauer. The will of life is more precisely a kind of “________”, which is the desire, demand and pursuit of human beings. The desire of man comes from the need, and the demand indicates ________, which is the pain which cannot be satisfied.

A

intention; lack

84
Q

Schopenhauer. Human desire is ______, life is ______, even a desire and creates a new desire, so a life without happiness, even if have also just meet at the moment of the desire, transient.

A

infinite; infinite

85
Q

Schopenhauer. _______ is the root of life, and what remains after suffering is the great void. Therefore, life swings between _________, never ending.

A

Pain; boredom and pain

86
Q

Death for __________ is the aim and purpose of life, that toward which life is directed, and the denial of the individual will to life.

A

Schopenhauer

87
Q

Despite his profound pessimism, Schopenhauer vehemently rejected suicide as an __________ of the will to life by those who sought to escape rather than sought nondiscursive knowledge of “Will” in suffering.

A

unworthy affirmation

88
Q

Schopenhauer. The only manner of self-destruction for him that’s philosophically acceptable was the ______________. He said that the individual will to life was to master to refuse even the most basic desire for nourishment, and thereby passed into nonexistence in complete renunciation of the individual will.

A

ascetic saint’s death by starvation

89
Q

Schopenhauer’s attitude toward suicide nevertheless embodied an inconsistency. If, as Schopenhauer believed, “the aim of life is death, and death is an _____of the world as _____, then there appears to be no justification why the philosopher should not rush headlong into it - not to affirm the will to life in an abject effort to avoid suffering, but in order to fulfill life’s purpose by ending it for distinctly philosophical reasons immediately upon arriving at an understanding of the _________-distinction”.

A

unreal aspect; appearance

appearance-reality distinciton

90
Q

_____________’s Idea about Life. Understanding his philosophy of death hinges upon understanding the following key terms, phrases and distinctions:
(i) Being-atan-end/Being-towards-and-end;
(ii) Own most, non-relational, and not to be outstripped;
(iii) They self/ authentic self, falling/fleeing in the face of death, anxiety/fear, potentiality-for- Being: authentic/inauthentic;
(iv) mauthentIcBe1Og-towards-death/ authentic-Being-towards-death; and
(v) freedom towards ‘death

A

Martin Heidegger

91
Q

Martin Heidegger. The definitions of the above terms bring out the meaning of ______of ______.’ Death is not conceived of as the ending of us. Dying cannot be understood as the sense of an ending, since this conception would treat humans as something ___________ which we are not.

A

Division Two Chapter One of Being and Time

present-at-hand or ready-to-hand

92
Q

Martin Heidegger. The term Being-at-an-end does not mean death, instead it signifies a non-existent human. Being-towards-the-end, signifying death, refers to the __________.

A

way in which an existing human can be.

93
Q

In his (Nietzsche) article, “_______” he said: This Enlightenment must now carry further forward: humanity must not worry about the ‘great revolution’ and the ‘great reaction’ against it which have taken place - they are no more than the sporting of waves in comparison with the truly great flood which bears along! (D 197)

A

Daybreak

94
Q

Nietzsche promoted an alternative standpoint to interpret how_________: “Christian self-subjection can be a brilliant strategy for mastery, and that, as in the classical account of tyranny, mastery can be a form of______” (Pippin 272)

A

Christianity undermined modern culture; slavery

Q4 (12 decks)

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