Practical Research 2 Flashcards
researcher ensures the transparency of
the data gathering and data interpretation processes
Verifiability
Able toapply the findingstothe
population in question.
Generality
This means that the researcher is
unbiased.
Objective
The researchers are expected to clearly define research questions to which the objectives are gathered.
Clearly define research questions
normally
gathers data using research tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the population.
Structured research instruments
Data are in the form of numbers and statistics
Numerical Data
It can be replicated or repeated to verify and confirm the results of such study in another setting.
Replication
Weakness of Quantitative Research
- Data may not be robust enough to explain complex issues.
- The researchdesign isrigid and not very
flexible. - A large sample size makes data
collection more costly
The nature of relationships between and among variables
Correlational Research
utilizes scientific method to test cause-and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher
Experimental Research
qualities or characteristics of persons like
age, gender, intelligence, ideas, ideas,
achievements, confidence, and so on that are involved in your research study.
Variables
Being measured without ordering of the
categories
Nominal
used to categorize particular attributes with an order or rank.
Ordinal
Provides order and interval of the
variables.
Interval
A numeric variable having a zero
value.
Ratio
Responsible with the conditions that act on
something else to bring about changes.
Independent Variables
the
result or effect of the changes brought about
(usually brought about by independent variables.)
Dependent
an
intellectual stimulus calling for an answer in the form of scientific inquiry
Research Topic
depend greatly on the writer’s opinion, which tend to be biased or prejudicial
Controversial Topics
topics that require an advance study,
technical knowledge, and vast experience is a very difficult
Highly Technical Subjects
prevent the researcher
from giving in –depth analysis of the subject matter of the research paper
Too Broad Subjects
subjects are too limited
Too Narrow Subjects
Titles beginning with
indefinite adjectives
Vague Subjects
careful presentation of the importance and validity of a research problem.
Introduction
This sets the stage by providing rationale of the study and present state of knowledge regarding the problem
Background of the Study
Guidelines in Writing Introduction
- Before writing your research Introduction, read vast array of studies related to your research.
- Do not flood your introduction with
numerous citations. Three (3) citations can be enough. - You should be exposed in various reading materials to gather information regarding with your research topic.
- It should come from your own statement.
Techniques in Writing the Research Introduction
- Deficiencies Model (J.W Creswell, 2012)
- T.I.O.C Approach (A. Nuqui, 2019)
- Trend, Issue, Objectives, Contributions - Inverted Pyramid Approach
- Most commonpattern in writing research introduction
It helps trim down a broad topic to a
more manageable question
Research Questions
Two Types of Problems
- General Problem
- Specific Problem
2.1 Non-Researchable/Inferential
Questions
- Answerable by YES or NO
2.2 Researchable Questions
- It uses WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE,
HOW and WHY.
They isolate, categorize, describe, or name factors and situations
Factor Isolating Questions
usually start with words like what, how, when, where, who, or how many
Descriptive Questions
Includes related theories and
principles that were established and
proven by authorities
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
a diagrammatic representation that
provides a guide to the researchers
in conducting research.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This model is used in experiment based studies
IV-DV MODEL
Largely used to isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem/phenomenon under investigation
IPO MODEL
Used when relating or assessing the influence between two or more variables
Predictor-Criterion Model
Used in research studies that propose a program or any intervention measure
P MODEL
The terms or jargons are clarified and
are clearly defined for the readers of
the paper.
Definition of Terms
Refers to the dictionary meaning
Conceptual Definition
The meaning of the concept or
terms as used in a particularstudy.
Operational Definition
prediction of what your study will find.
Hypothesis
expressed as a negative statement.
Null Hypothesis
alternate to Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
Guidelines in presenting a Term
- It is direct to the point
- Definitions should be clear, concise, and unambiguous.
- Only words or phrases that have special meanings in the study are defined.
- Define terms conceptually,
operationally, or both.
