General Biology 2 Flashcards
Carries the genetic information in all
living organisms.
DNA
a single stranded type of nucleic acids
that is mostly involved in protein synthesis
RNA
is a protein molecule that catalyzes
biochemical reaction.
enzymes
is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of
an organism
Genetic Engineering
breeding involves selecting a parent that have characteristics of interest
Classical Breeding
STEPS IN CLASSICAL BREEDING
- Determine which trait are significant enough to be chosen.
- Select parent that exemplify these traits
- Choose the best offspring from parents to produce the next generation.
- Repeat the process.
The technology used for producing artificial
DNA through the combination of different genetic materials (DNA) from different sources.
Recombinant DNA Technology
STEPS IN CREATING A RECOMBINANT DNA
- Cutting or cleaving of DNA and plasmid by “restriction enzyme”.
- Inserting of gene of interest into the open plasmid by “DNA ligase”.
- Insert the recombinant plasmid back to the bacterial cell.
- Isolation of the gene copies and insertion to other organisms to confer the desired trait.
EXAMPLES OF GMO
- BT CORN- Bacillus thuringiensis, resistant to corn-borer disease.
- BT EGGPLANT - Bacillus thuringiensis,
resistant to eggplant fruit and shoot borer - GOLDEN RICE - ß (beta) carotene, pre
cursor Vitamin A. - HUMAN INSULIN - People with type I
diabetes could not synthesize their own insulin. Thus, they need to inject themselves daily
made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.
GENE
Different version of a gene resulting in contracting effect on a characteristic, e.g. tallness and shortness.
ALLELES
For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent
Genes are not alleles, but alleles are genes
An individual with identical alleles for a gene; also called PURE BREED
HOMOZYGOUS
An individual with 2 different alleles for a gene.
HETEROZYGOUS
Allele processed by an individual
for a particular gene.
Genotype
Observable characteristics of
an individual with respect to the gene
Phenotype
Used to determine the various combination of
genes.
Punnet Square Method
Austrian Monk.
Experimented with “pea plants”
Gregor Mendel
Allele for a character is segregated into
different gametes. (Medelian Genetics)
Law of Segregation
Each allele pair segregates
independently of other allele pairs.
Law of Independent Assortment
One allele dominant trait in a pair may
mask the other (recessive trait) preventing the other from having an effec
Principle of Dominance
The phenotype of the heterozygote is a 3rd
trait that is district and different from the
phenotype of the homozygotes for the two
Incomplete Dominance
Neither of the allele is masked both is
expressed in organism; the phenotype of the
heterozygote is a combination of the two homozygous phenotypes.
Co-Dominance
More than 2 alleles control the trait; thus,
more than 3 or more phenotypes are possible.
Multiple Alleles
Formation of the Earth
Hadean
Anaerobic life forms still limited to single cells
Archean
Rise of Multicellular organisms
Proterozoic
Age of Invertebrates
Cambrian
Earliest appearance of vertebrates
Ordovician
Emerge of Terrestrial life
Silurian
“Age of fishes”, appearance of first amphibians
Devonian
Evolution of first reptiles
Carboniferous
Amphibians, repltiles, and conifer plants
Permian
Know as the age of reptiles, rise of the dinosaurs
Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic
Known as the “age of mammals” and “age of Flowering Plants”
Quarternary (Rise of Mammals), Tertiary (Rise of Man)
