General Chemistry 2 Flashcards
Explains the states of matter, their movement and the energy they
possess
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Solids and Liquids
are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule.
intramolecular forces
are forces that exist between molecules
Intermolecular Forces
Interaction of an ion with the
charge end of another
molecule.
Strength: Strong
Ion-Dipole
formed between a partially positive
hydrogen and a neighboring
molecule with a partially negative
oxygen.
Strength : Medium
Hydrogen Bond
An interaction between two
permanent polar molecules other than N-H, O-H and H-F
Strength: Weak
Dipole-Dipole
An interaction between molecules
with temporary dipoles
Strength : Very Weak
Dispersion Force
Highly dependent on the
cohesion of a substance molecules.
Properties of Liquids
The force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract.
Surface Tension
A liquid’s resistance to flow
Viscosity
The temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid is equal to the
atmospheric pressure
Boiling Point
The pressure of the vapor resulting from
evaporation of a liquid in a closed container.
Vapor Pressure
The amount of heat needed to vaporize a
given amount of substance at its boiling point.
Heat of Vaporization
possess unique properties due to the
formation of hydrogen bonds among its
molecules
Water
Nature of Water
• High boiling point
• Exists as liquid at room temperature.
• High specific heat.
• Only substance that contracts when cooled.
• High heat of vaporization.
• High surface tension.
have very strong forces of attraction,
their molecules are very compact with an
organized pattern and are not free to move at all
Solids
Shape: Definite and Geometrical Form
Crystalline Solid
Shape : No definite geometrical form
Amorphous Solid
Melting Point : Well Defined Melting Point
Crystalline Solid
Melting Point : Melt over a wide range
Amorphous Solid
Compressibility: Rigid and Cannot be Oppressed
Crystalline Solid
Compressibility: Some are soft graphite
Amorphous Solid
Cleavage: Perfect cleavage when broken
Crystalline Solid
Cleavage : Irregular cleavage when broken
Amorphous Solid
Hard, Brittle, high melting point, poor conductivity
Examples: NaCl, KBr, CuCl
Ionic
Hard, High Melting Point, Poor Conductivity
Examples: Graphite, Diamond
Covalent
Soft, Low to Moderate melting points, poor conductivity
Examples : CO², NH³, CH4, H²O
Molecular
Soft to hard, low to high melting points, malleable, ductile, good conductors
Examples: Metals
Metallic
transformation of matter from one phase
to another that involves the absorption and evolution of heat.
Phase Change
Shows the relationship of the states of a substance to temperature and pressure.
Phase Diagram
the point of intersection wherein a
substance can exist in all three states while in equilibrium with one another.
Triple Point
the point of intersection between the
maximum temperature and pressure at which a substance can be liquefied before the particles start evaporating again.
Critical Point