Practical #1: General Practice Questions Flashcards
Where are protons and electrons found?
Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while electrons rotate around the nucleus in the electron cloud.
What is the octet rule?
The octet rule states that 8 electrons are needed to fill the electron shells. The only exception is the first innermost electron shell, which only requires 2 electrons to be filled.
How do valence electrons affect reactivity?
Atoms that do not have their valence shell filled will react with other atoms to fill their shell and in turn become more stable.
Name the levels of the organization
Atomic level -> Molecular level -> Cellular level -> Tissue level -> Organ level -> Organ system level -> Organism level
What is an ion? What are cations and anions?
An ion is an atom that carries a charge either because it’s lost or gained one or more of its electrons. A cation is a positively charged ion that has lost one or more of its electrons. An anion is a negatively charged ion that has gained one or more electrons.
What is an electrolyte and what are the main electrolytes of the body? What is the importance of electrolytes and what can a severe electrolyte imbalance effect?
- When ions are dissolved in water, the ions separate from salts forming an electrically conducting mixture. All ions are considered electrolytes.
- Main electrolytes are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-)
- Electrolytes are crucial for maintaining homeostasis and cell function. A severe electrolyte imbalance can affect muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and cardiac function.
Know and describe all the directional terms
- Anatomical position: a position in which the body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forwards, and thumbs pointing away from the body
- Superficial: toward the surface or skin
- Deep: away from the surface/toward the body’s interior
- Posterior: toward the back
- Anterior: toward the front
- Medial: toward the midline
- Lateral: away from the midline
- Proximal: toward the point of origin
- Distal: away from the point of origin
- Superior: toward the head
- Inferior: away from the head/toward the feet
Know and describe all the regional terms
- Abdominal region: the area over the abdomen that is inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the pelvis
- Acromial region: the area over the lateral part of the shoulder that contains the acromion of the scapula
- Antebrachial region: the forearm
- Antecubital region: the anterior upper limb between the forearm and arm, over the elbow joint
- Axillary region: the area in and around the axilla (the armpit)
- Brachial region: the anterior and posterior arm between the elbow and shoulder
- Buccal region: the lateral portions of the face corresponding to the cheeks
- Calcaneal region: the heel of the foot
- Carpal region: the wrist
- Cephalic region: the entire head from the chin to the top of the head
- Cervical region: the neck
- Cranial region: the top of the head, or the portion of the skull that encases the brain
- Crural region: the anterior leg, or the shin
- Digital regional: fingers or toes
- Femoral region: the thigh
- Frontal region: the forehead
- Gluteal region: the buttock
- Inguinal region: the area along the inguinal ligament that divides the pelvis from the thigh
- Lumbar region: the lower back
- Mammary region: the area around the breast
- Manual region: the general area of the hand
- Mental region: the chin
- Nasal region: the nose
- Nuchal region: the ridge that runs along the back of the skull within the occipital region
- Occipital region: the general area of the back of the skull
- Oral region: the mouth
- Orbital region: the area around the eye
- Otic region: the area around the ear
- Palmar region: the anterior hand (the palm of the hand)
- Patellar region: the anterior part of the knee over the patella (kneecap)
- Pedal region: the foot
- Pelvic region: the anterior pelvis
- Plantar region: the bottom of the foot
- Popliteal region: the posterior side of the knee joint
- Pubic region: the area over the pubic bone
- Scapular region: the area over the scapula in the superior back
- Sternal region: the area in the middle of the chest over the sternum
- Sural region: the posterior part of the leg (the calf)
- Tarsal region: the ankle region
- Thoracic region: the general chest area
- Umbilical region: the area around the umbilicus (belly button)
- Vertebral region: the area over the vertebral column (the spine)
- Arm: the portion of the upper limb from the elbow to the shoulder
- Forearm: the portion of the upper limb from the elbow to the wrist
- Leg: the portion of the lower limb from the knee to the ankle
- Lower limb: the entire portion of the body from the hip to the digits of the foot
- Thigh: the portion of the lower limb from the hip to the knee
- Upper limb: the entire portion of the body from the shoulder to the digits of the hand
What is serous tissue? What purpose do they serve, what do they produce?
Serous tissue is thin tissue that lines the body cavities. Serous tissue produces serous fluid, which serves as a lubricant for the organs allowing them to move freely without friction in the cavity. Serous fluid is found in between the parietal and visceral membrane layers.
What is the difference between parietal and visceral?
The parietal layer is attached to the body wall and its structures, and the visceral layer is attached to specific, individual organs
What is the peritoneal cavity?
The peritoneal cavity is the third sub-cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity, formed by the peritoneal membrane. It is the space within the abdomen that contains the stomach, intestines, and liver.
What organs are found in the intra/retroperitoneal cavity?
Intraperitoneal organs are found within the peritoneal cavity, including the stomach, spleen, a majority of the small intestine, colon, and pancreas.
Retroperitoneal organs are organs that are posterior to the peritoneal cavity, including the kidneys, adrenal glands, sex organs, urinary bladder, part of the colon, and part of the pancreas.
Name some organs found in each abdominal quadrant
4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity: right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
Visible organs of the right upper abdominopelvic cavity: liver, pancreas, gallbladder, duodenum, transverse colon
Visible organs of the right lower abdominopelvic cavity: small intestine, ascending color, appendix, urinary bladder
Visible organs of the left upper abdominopelvic cavity: liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, transverse colon
Visible organs of the left lower abdominopelvic cavity: small intestine, descending colon, urinary bladder
Describe how each plane separates the body
Sagittal plane: divides the body or organs into left and right parts
Midsagittal plane: when the body or its organs are divided into EQUAL left and right parts (only one)
Parasagittal plane: when the body or its organs are divided into UNEQUAL left and right parts (multiple)
Frontal/coronal plane: divides the body or its organs into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse/cross section/horizontal plane: divides the body or its organs into superior and inferior parts
Describe the function of each organ system and the organs within
- Function of the integumentary system: protection, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous secretion
- Organs of the integumentary system: hair, nails, skin, cutaneous glands
- Function of the skeletal system: movement, support, protection of internal viscera, electrolyte and acid-base balance, blood formation
- Organs of the skeletal system: bones, cartilage, ligaments
- Function of the muscular system: movement, stability, heat production, control of body openings, communication
- Organs of the muscular system: skeletal muscles, (tendons- but they’re part of the musculoskeletal system since they connect bone to muscle)
- Function of the nervous system: coordination, motor control and sensation, rapid internal communication
- Organs of the nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
- Function of the cardiovascular system: fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, distribution of oxygen, wastes, nutrients, hormones, heat, immune cells, and antibodies
- Organs of the cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels
- Function of the lymphatic system: detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease, recovery of excess tissue fluid
- Organs of the lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils
- Function of the respiratory system: acid-base balance, speech, absorption of oxygen and discharge of carbon dioxide
- Organs of the respiratory system: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea bronchi, lungs
- Function of the endocrine system: internal chemical communication and coordination, hormone production
- Organs of the endocrine system: pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes
- Function of the renal system: elimination of wastes, stimulation of red blood cell formation, regulation of blood volume and pressure, control of fluid, acid-base and electrolyte balance, detoxification
- Organs of the renal system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- Function of the digestive system: nutrient breakdown and absorption
- Organs of the digestive system: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
- Function of the male reproductive system: secretion of sex hormones, production and delivery of sperm
- Organs of the male reproductive system: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, prostate gland, penis
- Function of the female reproductive system: secretion of sex hormones, production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation
- Organs of the female reproductive system: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands
