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BIO 201 > Lab #7: Axial Muscles & Muscle History > Flashcards

Lab #7: Axial Muscles & Muscle History Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Muscle is subdivided into 3 types

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle

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2
Q

All muscle tissue functions through the interaction of two proteins

A

actin & myosin

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3
Q

Function of actin & myosin

A

accomplish the main goal of muscle; to contract and consequently force generation (ex. movement of limbs (skeletal), pumping blood (cardiac), and squeezing hollow organs (smooth)

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4
Q

General function of muscle

A

Movement Posture Stability Communication Control Thermoregulation

Mary Played Solitare Carefully at the Card Tournament

  • Movement of body parts and organ contents, which allow for important forms of communication
    (ex. speech, writing, expressions, mannerisms)
  • Maintaining posture and preventing unwanted movement (ex. stability)
  • Controlling openings and passageways/hollow organs
  • Thermoregulation (heat production)
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5
Q

which muscle is striated and which is non-striated?

A
  • Skeletal and cardiac muscle = striated

- Smooth muscle = non-striated

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6
Q

Striations in muscle are created by…

A

the arrangement and overlap of actin and myosin proteins

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7
Q

Cells from muscle tissues are also called…

A

fibers

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8
Q

Different physical descriptions of the muscles

A
  • skeletal muscle cells are long and fibrous
  • smooth muscle fibers are spindle-shaped
  • cardiac muscle fibers are shorter than skeletal muscle cells but vary in shape and size
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9
Q

Smooth muscle cells are often found in….

A

sheets or individual cells that encircle hollow organs

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10
Q

What do smooth muscle cells look like in longitudinal sections?

A

elongaged and pointed at the ends and fatter in the middle

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11
Q

What do smooth muscle cells look like in cross/transverse sections?

A

thin and wavy in appearance

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12
Q

What connects each smooth muscle fiber to its neighbor?

A

gap junctions

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13
Q

Gap junctions allow for….

A

communication between cells

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14
Q

How are smooth muscle cells normally grouped?

A

they are normally grouped in thick bands that are orientated in different directions around an organ (such as intenstines or stomach)

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15
Q

Longitudinal cardiac muscle fibers resemble…

A

the shape and arrangement of smooth muscle cell at low magnification

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16
Q

Key identifying structures of cardiac muscle cells?

A

intercalated disc, and within those, the adhering junctions and desosomes

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17
Q

Intercalated disc

A

constitutes border of each cell, communicates between cells using gap junctions

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18
Q

Cross section cardiac muscle cells look similar to….

A

skeletal muscle, except cardiac muscle sections have thicker connective tissue regions between muscle fiber than skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Where is the nuclei found in cardiac muscle and what does it look like?

A

It’s found in different locations each time and they appear dark because of a hematocylin stain

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20
Q

Cross section skeletal muscle cells appear as…

A

groups of circular cells of generally the same size

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21
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of skeletal circular muscle cells

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22
Q

Perimysium

A

thicker connective tissue regions that Fascicles are distinguished by

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23
Q

Endoymsium

A

found in between the fibers

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24
Q

How do skeletal muscle cells differ from other cells?

A
  • enormous in both length and volume

- contain more than one nucleus

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25
Q

Sarcmere

A

the smallest contractile/functional unit of a skeletal muscle, can only be observed through an electron microscope

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26
Q

Where are blood vessels in skeletal muscle often found?

A

within the thicker connective tissue regions of the perimysium

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27
Q

What are muscle spindles? What is their significance?

A

four small muscle fibers grouped togther. they’re important for helping to communicate to the nervous system the position and length of the muscle as a whole

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28
Q

Skeletal muscles comprise ____ of total body mass

A

30-40%, women leaning towards the 30s and men towards the 40s

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29
Q

Skeltal muscles vary in both shape and size, but can be categorized based on the _______

A

orientation of a muscle’s fibers relative to its tendon to which they attach

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30
Q

Skeletal muscle functions to _____

A

shorten the distance between two points of the body

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31
Q

Most common skeletal muscle arrangements

A

Circular, Convergent/radiate, Parallel/fusiform, Pennate (uni-, bi-, and multi-pennate)

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32
Q

Circular muscle arrangement

A

Fibers are arranged in concentric rings (ex. sphincters)

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33
Q

Convergent/radiate muscle arrangement

A

Fibers are arranged in a broad, or flared, pattern from the origin to its insertion as a single tendon (ex. Pectoralis major)

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34
Q

Parallell/fusiform muscle arrangement

A

Fibers run parallel with the long axis of the muscle (ex. Biceps brachii, sartorius, soleus)

35
Q

Pennate muscle arrangement

A

Fibers run at an angle relative to the tendons of that muscle (ex. Unipennate: extensor digitorum longus, Bipennate: rectis femoris, Multipennate: deltoid)

36
Q

List all muscle arrangements

A
  • Fusiform
  • Unipennate
  • Circular
  • Convergent
  • Bipennate
  • Parallel
  • Multipennate
37
Q

Facial Muscles

A 
-Galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis or aponeurosis epicraialis)
     → Frontalis
     → Occipitalis
-Orbicularis oculi
-Nasalis
-Masseter
-Buccinator
-Modiolus
-Orbicularis oris
-Platysma
-Sternocleidomastoid
38
Q

Galea aponeurotica and its containing muscles

A

dense fibrous connective tissue covering top of cranium connecting frontalis and occipitalis muscles

39
Q

Frontalis

A

raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

40
Q

Frontalis

A

raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

41
Q

Occipitalis

A

pulls scalp posteriorly

42
Q

Temporalis

A

closes jaw (elevates and retracts mandible)

43
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

closes eyelids

44
Q

Nasalis

A

flares nostrils; compresses nasal cartilage

45
Q

Masseter

A

principal muscle for jaw movement; closes jaw

46
Q

Buccinator

A

compresses cheeks; aids in food position for chewing

47
Q

Modiolus

A

intersection of facial muscles; provides stability for mouth movement and facial expression

48
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

closes mouth; puckers lips

49
Q

Platysma

A

creates downward sag of mouth; tenses skin of neck

50
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

flexes and laterally rotates head

51
Q

Muscles for Chewing and Swallowing

A
  • Suprahyoid group

- Infrahyoid group

52
Q

Suprahyoid group

A

forms floor of oral cavity; provides an anchor for tongue; elevates hyoid bone; moves larynx superiorly during swallowing

53
Q

Infrahyoid group

A

depresses hyoid bone; depresses larynx during swallowing and speaking

54
Q

Mucles in the Suprahyoid group

A
  • Digastric (anterior belly, posterior belly)
  • stylohyoid
  • mylohyoid
55
Q

Muscles in the Infrahyoid group

A
  • sternohyoid
  • thyrohoid
  • sternothyroid
  • Omohyoid (which has the superior and inferior belly)
56
Q

Muscles for Breathing

A
  • External intercostals
  • Internal intercostals
  • Diaphram
57
Q

External intercostals

A

elevates ribcage; external = inspiration

58
Q

Internal intercostals

A

depresses ribcage; internal = expiration

59
Q

Diaphram

A

principle muscle for inspiration, muscle shortening flattens this muscle to increase lung volume

60
Q

Breathing

A

the physical process of moving air in and out of the lungs

61
Q

Respiration

A

the chemical process or utilization of gases used and created for metabolic systems, such as producing ATP

62
Q

Chest and Abdominal Muscles

A
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor (deep
  • Serratus anterior
  • Rectus abdominis
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique (deep)
  • Transverse abdominal (deep)
63
Q

Pectoralis major

A

adducts and medially rotates arn

64
Q

Pectoralis minor (deep):

A

moves scapula forward and downward

65
Q

Serratus anterior

A

rotates scapula laterally and upward

66
Q

Serratus anterior

A

rotates scapula laterally and upward

67
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

Flexes and rotates lumbar region of vertebral column; stabilizes pelvic region during walking

68
Q

External oblique

A

flexes vertebral column when contracting simultaneously; helps to rotate trunk and lateral flexion when contracting individually

69
Q

Internal oblique (deep)

A

same as external oblique

70
Q

Internal oblique (deep)

A

same as external oblique

71
Q

Transverse abdominal (deep)

A

compresses abdominal cavity and ribs; aids in stabilizing thoracic and abdominopelvic regions

72
Q

Back Muscles

A

-Trapezius
-Rhomboideus major and minor (deep)
-Latissimus dorsi
-Deltoid
-Rotator cuff
→ Subcapularis
→ Supraspinatus
→ Infraspinatus
→ Teres minor
-Teres major (deep)
-Erector spinae
→ iliocostalis
→ longissimus
→ spinalis
-Semispinalis
-Multifidus

73
Q

Trapezius

A

elevates, rotates, and stabilizes scapula; shrugging shoulders

74
Q

Rhomboideus major and minor (deep)

A

Stabilizes scapula; works in conjunction with trapezius muscle

75
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

extends and adducts arm; medially rotates arm at shoulder

76
Q

Deltoid

A

principal muscle for abduction of arm

77
Q

Rotator cuff

A

four deep muscles that collectively stabilize the glenohumeral joint
→ Subcapularis: rotates arm medially
→ Supraspinatus: initiates abduction of arm
→ Infraspinatus: rotates arm laterally
→ Teres minor: rotates arm laterally

78
Q

Teres major (deep)

A

extends and adducts arm; rotates arm medially

78
Q

Teres major (deep)

A

extends and adducts arm; rotates arm medially

79
Q

Erector spinae

A

principal muscle group for extending back, consists of 3 columns
→ iliocostalis
→ longissimus
→ spinalis

80
Q

Semispinalis

A

extends and rotates head and vertebral column

81
Q

Semispinalis

A

extends and rotates head and vertebral column

82
Q

Multifidus

A

stabilizes lowe thoracic and lumbar region of vertebral column

BIO 201 (11 decks)

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