Lab #1: Intro, Chem, Directional Terms, Organ Systems Flashcards
Levels of organization
Atomic level → Molecular level → Cellular level → Tissue level → Organ level → Organ system level → Organism level
Octet rule
States that 8 electrons are needed to fill electron shells, the only exception being the first innermost shell (which only requires 2 electrons)
Valence electrons
electrons found in the atom’s outermost shell
Cation
when an atom loses one or more of its electrons, the number of protons is higher and the atom becomes positively charged
Anion
when an atom gains one or more electrons, the number of protons is lower and the atom becomes negatively charged
Ions
atoms that carry a charge because they have either lost or gained one or more of their electrons
Homeostasis
The body’s ability to maintain a condition of equilibrium. This is crucial for the body to be able to carry out its normal physiological processes
All ions are ________.
electrolytes
Electrolytes are crucial for _____ and _____.
homeostasis and cell function
A severe electrolyte imbalance can impact ______.
muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and cardiac functions.
Anatomical position
a position in which the body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forwards, thumbs pointing away from the body
Superficial
toward the surface/skin
Deep
away from the surface, towards the body’s interior
Posterior
toward the back
Anterior
toward the front
Medial
toward the midline
Lateral
away from the midline
Proximal
toward the point of origin
Distal
away from the point of origin
Superior
toward the head
Inferior
away from the head, towards the feet
Abdominal region
area over the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the pelvis
Acromial region
the area over the lateral part of the shoulder that contains the acromion of the scapula
Antebrachial region
the forearm
Antecubital region
the area over the elbow joint, between the arm and forearm
Axillary region
the armpit (area on and around the axilla)
Brachial region
the anterior and posterior arm, between the shoulder and elbow joint
Buccal region
lateral portion of the face, the cheeks
Calcaneal region
the heel of the foot
Carpal region
the wrist
Cephalic region
the entire head, from the chin to the top of the skull
Cervical region
anterior and posterior neck
Cranial region
the top of the head, or the portion of the skull that encases the brain
Crural region
the anterior leg, the shin
Digital region
fingers or toes
Femoral region
anterior and posterior thigh
Frontal region
the forehead
Gluteal region
the buttocks
Inguinal region
the area along the inguinal ligament that divides the pelvis from the thigh (v-line)
Lumbar region
lower back
Mammary region
the area around the breast
Manual region
general area of the hand
Mental region
the chin
Nasal region
the nose
Nuchal region
the ridge that runs along the back of the skull within the occipital region
Occipital region
the general area of the back of the skill
Oral region
the mouth
Orbital region
the area around the eye
Otic region
the area around the ear
Palmar region
the anterior hand (the palm of the hand)
Patellar region
the anterior part of the knee, over the patella (kneecap)
Pedal region
the foot
Pelvic region
the anterior pelvis
Plantar region
the bottom of the foot
Popliteal region
the posterior side of the knee joint
Pubic region
the area over the pubic bone
Scapular region
the area over the scapula, in the superior back
Sternal region
the area in the middle of the chest, over the sternum
Sural region
the posterior part of the leg, the calf
Tarsal region
the ankle region
Thoracic region
the general chest area
Umbilical region
the area around the umbilicus (belly button)
Vertebral region
the area over the vertebral column (the spine)
Arm
the portion of the upper limb, from the elbow to the shoulder
Forearm
the portion of the upper limb, from the elbow to the wrist
Leg
the portion of the lower limb, from the knee to the ankle
Lower limb
the entire portion of the body from the hip to the digits of the foot
Thigh
the portion of the lower limb from the hip to the knee
Upper limb
the entire portion of the body from the shoulder to the digits of the hand
Body cavities are _____ filled, and lined with thin layers of tissue known as _____.
fluid filled, lined with serous membranes
Serous membranes secrete _______.
serous fluid
Function of serous fluid
serves as a lubricant for the organs, allowing them to move freely without friction in the cavity
Where is serous fluid found?
in between the parietal and visceral membrane layers
The serous membrane is composed of two layers: the __________ and the __________.
outer parietal layer and inner visceral layer
Parietal layer
attached to the body wall and its structures
Visceral layer
attached to specific organs
Peritoneal cavity
The third sub-cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity, formed by the peritoneal membrane. The parietal peritoneum is attached to the body wall and surrounding structures, while the visceral peritoneum is attached to the surface of many abdominal and pelvic organs.
Intraperitoneal organs
organs that are found within the peritoneal cavity: the liver, most of the small intestine, most of the colon, the stomach, the spleen, and part of the pancreas
Retroperitoneal organs
organs that are posterior to the peritoneal cavity: including the kidneys, adrenal glands, sex organs, urinary bladder, part of the colon, and part of the pancreas
4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity
right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
Visible organs of the right upper abdominopelvic cavity
liver, pancreas, gallbladder, duodenum, transverse colon
Visible organs of the right lower abdominopelvic cavity
small intestine, ascending colon, appendix, urinary bladder
Visible organs of the left upper abdominopelvic cavity
liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, transverse colon
Visible organs of the left lower abdominopelvic cavity
small intestine, descending colon, urinary bladder
Body systems acronym
MURDERS LINC
Name the body systems
- Muscular
- Urinary aka Renal
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
- Skeletal
- Lymphatic
- Integumentary
- Nervous
- Cardiovascular
Function of the integumentary system
protection, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous secretion
Organs of the integumentary system
hair, nails, skin, cutaneous glands
Function of the skeletal system
movement, support, protection of internal viscera, electrolyte and acid-base balance, blood formation
Organs of the skeletal system
bones, cartilage, ligaments
Function of the muscular system
movement, stability, heat production, control of body openings, communication
Organs of the muscular system
skeletal muscles
Function of the nervous system
coordination, motor control and sensation, rapid internal communication
Organs of the nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
Function of the cardiovascular system
fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, distribution of oxygen, wastes, nutrients, hormones, heat, immune cells, and antibodies
Organs of the cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels
Function of the lymphatic system
detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease, recovery of excess tissue fluid
Organs of the lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils
Function of the respiratory system
acid-base balance, speech, absorption of oxygen and discharge of carbon dioxide
Organs of the respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea bronchi, lungs
Function of the endocrine system
internal chemical communication and coordination, hormone production
Organs of the endocrine system
pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes
Function of the renal system
elimination of wastes, stimulation of red blood cell formation, regulation of blood volume and pressure, control of fluid, acid-base and electrolyte balance, detoxification
Organs of the renal system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Function of the digestive system
nutrient breakdown and absorption
Organs of the digestive system
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Function of the male reproductive system
secretion of sex hormones, production and delivery of sperm
Organs of the male reproductive system
testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, prostate gland, penis
Function of the female reproductive system
secretion of sex hormones, production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation
Organs of the female reproductive system
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands
Posterior (dorsal) cavity
posterior side of the body, from the skull to the lumbar region. Contains cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Cranial cavity
contains brain
Vertebral cavity
contains spinal cord
Anterior (ventral) cavity
anterior side of the body, starting from the shoulders to the pelvis. Contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity
contains mediastinum, pleural cavity (surrounding lung), pericardial cavity
(surrounding heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity (contains reproductive, urinary,
and digestive organs
Peritoneal cavity
contains abdominal and lymphatic organs
Plane
an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body or its organs
Section
a cut or slice taken to view the internal anatomy
Sagittal plane
divides the body or organs into left and right parts
Sagittal plane
divides the body or organs into left and right parts
Midsagittal plane
when the body or its organs are divided into EQUAL left and right parts (only one)
Parasagittal plane
when the body or its organs are divided into UNEQUAL left and right parts (multiple)
Frontal/coronal plane
divides the body or its organs into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse/cross section/horizontal plane
divides the body or its organs into superior and inferior parts