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BIO 201 > Lab #1: Intro, Chem, Directional Terms, Organ Systems > Flashcards

Lab #1: Intro, Chem, Directional Terms, Organ Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Levels of organization

A

Atomic level → Molecular level → Cellular level → Tissue level → Organ level → Organ system level → Organism level

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2
Q

Octet rule

A

States that 8 electrons are needed to fill electron shells, the only exception being the first innermost shell (which only requires 2 electrons)

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3
Q

Valence electrons

A

electrons found in the atom’s outermost shell

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4
Q

Cation

A

when an atom loses one or more of its electrons, the number of protons is higher and the atom becomes positively charged

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5
Q

Anion

A

when an atom gains one or more electrons, the number of protons is lower and the atom becomes negatively charged

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6
Q

Ions

A

atoms that carry a charge because they have either lost or gained one or more of their electrons

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain a condition of equilibrium. This is crucial for the body to be able to carry out its normal physiological processes

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8
Q

All ions are ________.

A

electrolytes

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9
Q

Electrolytes are crucial for _____ and _____.

A

homeostasis and cell function

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10
Q

A severe electrolyte imbalance can impact ______.

A

muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and cardiac functions.

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11
Q

Anatomical position

A

a position in which the body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forwards, thumbs pointing away from the body

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12
Q

Superficial

A

toward the surface/skin

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13
Q

Deep

A

away from the surface, towards the body’s interior

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14
Q

Posterior

A

toward the back

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15
Q

Anterior

A

toward the front

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16
Q

Medial

A

toward the midline

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17
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline

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18
Q

Proximal

A

toward the point of origin

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19
Q

Distal

A

away from the point of origin

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20
Q

Superior

A

toward the head

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21
Q

Inferior

A

away from the head, towards the feet

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22
Q

Abdominal region

A

area over the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the pelvis

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23
Q

Acromial region

A

the area over the lateral part of the shoulder that contains the acromion of the scapula

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24
Q

Antebrachial region

A

the forearm

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25
Q

Antecubital region

A

the area over the elbow joint, between the arm and forearm

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26
Q

Axillary region

A

the armpit (area on and around the axilla)

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27
Q

Brachial region

A

the anterior and posterior arm, between the shoulder and elbow joint

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28
Q

Buccal region

A

lateral portion of the face, the cheeks

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29
Q

Calcaneal region

A

the heel of the foot

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30
Q

Carpal region

A

the wrist

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31
Q

Cephalic region

A

the entire head, from the chin to the top of the skull

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32
Q

Cervical region

A

anterior and posterior neck

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33
Q

Cranial region

A

the top of the head, or the portion of the skull that encases the brain

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34
Q

Crural region

A

the anterior leg, the shin

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35
Q

Digital region

A

fingers or toes

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36
Q

Femoral region

A

anterior and posterior thigh

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37
Q

Frontal region

A

the forehead

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38
Q

Gluteal region

A

the buttocks

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39
Q

Inguinal region

A

the area along the inguinal ligament that divides the pelvis from the thigh (v-line)

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40
Q

Lumbar region

A

lower back

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41
Q

Mammary region

A

the area around the breast

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42
Q

Manual region

A

general area of the hand

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43
Q

Mental region

A

the chin

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44
Q

Nasal region

A

the nose

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45
Q

Nuchal region

A

the ridge that runs along the back of the skull within the occipital region

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46
Q

Occipital region

A

the general area of the back of the skill

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47
Q

Oral region

A

the mouth

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48
Q

Orbital region

A

the area around the eye

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49
Q

Otic region

A

the area around the ear

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50
Q

Palmar region

A

the anterior hand (the palm of the hand)

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51
Q

Patellar region

A

the anterior part of the knee, over the patella (kneecap)

52
Q

Pedal region

A

the foot

53
Q

Pelvic region

A

the anterior pelvis

54
Q

Plantar region

A

the bottom of the foot

55
Q

Popliteal region

A

the posterior side of the knee joint

56
Q

Pubic region

A

the area over the pubic bone

57
Q

Scapular region

A

the area over the scapula, in the superior back

58
Q

Sternal region

A

the area in the middle of the chest, over the sternum

59
Q

Sural region

A

the posterior part of the leg, the calf

60
Q

Tarsal region

A

the ankle region

61
Q

Thoracic region

A

the general chest area

62
Q

Umbilical region

A

the area around the umbilicus (belly button)

63
Q

Vertebral region

A

the area over the vertebral column (the spine)

64
Q

Arm

A

the portion of the upper limb, from the elbow to the shoulder

65
Q

Forearm

A

the portion of the upper limb, from the elbow to the wrist

66
Q

Leg

A

the portion of the lower limb, from the knee to the ankle

67
Q

Lower limb

A

the entire portion of the body from the hip to the digits of the foot

68
Q

Thigh

A

the portion of the lower limb from the hip to the knee

69
Q

Upper limb

A

the entire portion of the body from the shoulder to the digits of the hand

70
Q

Body cavities are _____ filled, and lined with thin layers of tissue known as _____.

A

fluid filled, lined with serous membranes

71
Q

Serous membranes secrete _______.

A

serous fluid

72
Q

Function of serous fluid

A

serves as a lubricant for the organs, allowing them to move freely without friction in the cavity

73
Q

Where is serous fluid found?

A

in between the parietal and visceral membrane layers

74
Q

The serous membrane is composed of two layers: the __________ and the __________.

A

outer parietal layer and inner visceral layer

75
Q

Parietal layer

A

attached to the body wall and its structures

76
Q

Visceral layer

A

attached to specific organs

77
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

The third sub-cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity, formed by the peritoneal membrane. The parietal peritoneum is attached to the body wall and surrounding structures, while the visceral peritoneum is attached to the surface of many abdominal and pelvic organs.

78
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

organs that are found within the peritoneal cavity: the liver, most of the small intestine, most of the colon, the stomach, the spleen, and part of the pancreas

79
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

organs that are posterior to the peritoneal cavity: including the kidneys, adrenal glands, sex organs, urinary bladder, part of the colon, and part of the pancreas

80
Q

4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

81
Q

Visible organs of the right upper abdominopelvic cavity

A

liver, pancreas, gallbladder, duodenum, transverse colon

82
Q

Visible organs of the right lower abdominopelvic cavity

A

small intestine, ascending colon, appendix, urinary bladder

83
Q

Visible organs of the left upper abdominopelvic cavity

A

liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, transverse colon

84
Q

Visible organs of the left lower abdominopelvic cavity

A

small intestine, descending colon, urinary bladder

85
Q

Body systems acronym

A

MURDERS LINC

86
Q

Name the body systems

A
  1. Muscular
  2. Urinary aka Renal
  3. Respiratory
  4. Digestive
  5. Endocrine
  6. Reproductive
  7. Skeletal
  8. Lymphatic
  9. Integumentary
  10. Nervous
  11. Cardiovascular
87
Q

Function of the integumentary system

A

protection, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous secretion

88
Q

Organs of the integumentary system

A

hair, nails, skin, cutaneous glands

89
Q

Function of the skeletal system

A

movement, support, protection of internal viscera, electrolyte and acid-base balance, blood formation

90
Q

Organs of the skeletal system

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments

91
Q

Function of the muscular system

A

movement, stability, heat production, control of body openings, communication

92
Q

Organs of the muscular system

A

skeletal muscles

93
Q

Function of the nervous system

A

coordination, motor control and sensation, rapid internal communication

94
Q

Organs of the nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

95
Q

Function of the cardiovascular system

A

fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, distribution of oxygen, wastes, nutrients, hormones, heat, immune cells, and antibodies

96
Q

Organs of the cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

97
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease, recovery of excess tissue fluid

98
Q

Organs of the lymphatic system

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils

99
Q

Function of the respiratory system

A

acid-base balance, speech, absorption of oxygen and discharge of carbon dioxide

100
Q

Organs of the respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea bronchi, lungs

101
Q

Function of the endocrine system

A

internal chemical communication and coordination, hormone production

102
Q

Organs of the endocrine system

A

pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes

103
Q

Function of the renal system

A

elimination of wastes, stimulation of red blood cell formation, regulation of blood volume and pressure, control of fluid, acid-base and electrolyte balance, detoxification

104
Q

Organs of the renal system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

105
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

nutrient breakdown and absorption

106
Q

Organs of the digestive system

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

107
Q

Function of the male reproductive system

A

secretion of sex hormones, production and delivery of sperm

108
Q

Organs of the male reproductive system

A

testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, prostate gland, penis

109
Q

Function of the female reproductive system

A

secretion of sex hormones, production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation

110
Q

Organs of the female reproductive system

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands

111
Q

Posterior (dorsal) cavity

A

posterior side of the body, from the skull to the lumbar region. Contains cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

112
Q

Cranial cavity

A

contains brain

113
Q

Vertebral cavity

A

contains spinal cord

114
Q

Anterior (ventral) cavity

A

anterior side of the body, starting from the shoulders to the pelvis. Contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

115
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

contains mediastinum, pleural cavity (surrounding lung), pericardial cavity
(surrounding heart)

116
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity (contains reproductive, urinary,
and digestive organs

117
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

contains abdominal and lymphatic organs

118
Q

Plane

A

an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body or its organs

119
Q

Section

A

a cut or slice taken to view the internal anatomy

120
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides the body or organs into left and right parts

121
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides the body or organs into left and right parts

122
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

when the body or its organs are divided into EQUAL left and right parts (only one)

123
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

when the body or its organs are divided into UNEQUAL left and right parts (multiple)

124
Q

Frontal/coronal plane

A

divides the body or its organs into anterior and posterior parts

125
Q

Transverse/cross section/horizontal plane

A

divides the body or its organs into superior and inferior parts

BIO 201 (11 decks)

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