pr2 Flashcards
It is a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions
about the presumed relations among natural phenomena
research
systematic or step by step investigation of observable phenomena by gathering quantifiable data (numbers) and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques
quantitative research
purpose of quantitative research
test of hypothesis
look at cause and effect
make predictions
To seek common, representative features
characteristics of quantitative research
replicability, empirical, objective, controlled, analytical, logical/systematic, critical, cyclical
strengths of quantitative research
can be replicated
results generalizes the population
establishes causality
make predictions based on quantifiable data
low degree of subjectivity
validity and reliability can be measured
weaknesses of quantitative research
- does not provide in depth explanation of complex phenomenon
- It lacks the ability to provide a comprehensive textual description of human experiences
- Numerical data may be insufficient in analyzing intangible factors
- It has less flexibility in terms of study design
- Responses of participants are strictly limited to what has been asked
- Self-reported data may not be very accurate as respondents may have the tendency to underestimate or overestimate their skills and behavior
kinds of quantitative research
survey
descriptive
correlational
ex post facto
quasi experimental
experimental
most fundamental research tool
It is important that the people questioned are sampled at random.
This allows for more accurate findings across a greater spectrum of
respondents
survey research
Used to determine the extent or direction of attitudes or behaviors
Gathers more information on certain characteristics within a particular field of study
descriptive research
To determine the nature of relationship between variables without looking into the cause
Used to investigate the direction and magnitude of relationships among variables in a particular population
correlational research
Mainly depends on the factor of comparison
The independent variable is established but not manipulated and its
impact on the dependent variable is observed
ex post facto research
Respondents are not randomly assigned; Intact
(established) groups are used
quasi experimental research
Also known as true experimentation, this research method is
reliant on a theory/ies
Analysis is done around proving or disproving the statement. This research method is used in natural sciences
experimental research
Any element or entity which can be measured for quantity or quality
variable
two types of quantitative variable
discrete and continuous
variables can be counted; denoted by positive whole numbers and not
described in ranges
discrete
variables measured in ranges; can be denoted by non-whole numbers; can have positive or negative values; can be expressed in fractions
continuous
two subtypes of continuous variables
interval and ratio
other name for qualitative variables
categorical variable
three types of qualitative variables
Dichotomous(binary) variables
Nominal variables
ordinal variables
levels of measurement
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale
level of measurement that denotes qualitative attributes of the variables
nominal scale
level of measurement that refers to the order or rank of a measurement
ordinal scale
level of measurement where numerical scales in which the exact difference between two values is
known
interval scale
level of measurement that has the properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales. It also possesses a true zero scale
ratio scale
This is a secondary or special type of independent variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationship between
the independent and dependent variables
moderator variable
This is the variable that is controlled by the investigator in which the
effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable
control variable
This is a variable which interferes with the independent and dependent variables, but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent variables
intervening variable
It is not categorized as IV or DV in a study. It is the undesired variable that can influence the results of an experiment
extraneous variable
It is a special type of extraneous variable that the researcher fails to control and threatens the validity of an experiment’s procedure
confounding variable
