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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are cells small

A

Allows the communication process faster and better

Accommodation of larger quantities

Requires less energy

Faster diffusion

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2
Q

BAHAGI NI SIHAY (Cell)

MITOCHONDRION

CYTOPLASM

LYSOSOME

RIBOSOME

CENTRIOLE

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

A

SULIDLAWAS

SILIDKAPHAY

BILUSLAWAS

RIBOLAWAS

GITBUTIL

LAMAD NG BUTOD

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3
Q

BAHAGI NI SIHAY (Cell) 2

PLASMA MEMBRANE

CHROMATIN

NUCLEUS

NUCLEOLUS

GOLGI BODIES

A

LAMAD NG KAPHAY

KULAYIN

BUTOD

IBUTOD

GOLGILAWAS

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4
Q

Common features of all cells (7)

A

Universal Genetic Code

Same 20 Amino Acids

Universally conserved genes

Making Proteins

Chemiosmosis

Metabolic pathways

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5
Q

Nucleic Acid Polymer

A

Nucleotide

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6
Q

Protein Dry Mass amount

A

50%

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7
Q

receptors for hormones or neurotransmitters

A

Transmembrane Proteins

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8
Q

serve to regulate the transport or signaling activities of transmembrane
protein complexes

A

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

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9
Q

Membrane proteins covalently linked to OLIGOSACCHARIDES

A

Glycoproteins

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10
Q

These oligosaccharides are called ___, and sugar-linked proteins are
therefore called glycoproteins.

A

glycans

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11
Q

Lipids in cell membrane

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol

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12
Q

Proteins in cell membrane(5)

A

Transport Proteins
Receptor
Adhesion Molecules
Antigen
Enzymes

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13
Q

Carbs in Cell Membrane

A

Glycoproteins
Glycolipids

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14
Q

the movement of particles (solute) across or through a barrier.

Essential homeostatic mechanism for regulating cellular
ionic balance

A

Membrane Transport

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15
Q

MT maintainance

pH

Na+

K+

Ca2+

A

pH 7.5

Na+ 10mmol/L

K+ 200 mmol/L

Ca2+ 0.1 umol/L or less

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16
Q

Types of Membrane Transport (3)

A

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Vesicular Transport

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17
Q

Types of Passive Transport

A

Simple Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

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18
Q

Types of Active Transport (2)

Tiers below it (3)

A

Primary (pumps)
Secondary (co-transport)

Uniport, Symport, Antiport

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19
Q

Types of Vesicular Transport (2)

A

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

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20
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

undergo _____ change when they bind to a solute to be transported.

It also undergoes a ___ so there is no longer a high affinity

A

Carrier proteins

Allosteric

Second conformational change

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21
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other

They have an ___ which becoems accessible to ions after a conformational change that opens it

Responsible for excitability of cells neuronal of muscle cell responses

A

Ion Channel Proteins

Aqueous pore

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22
Q

the diffusion of water across membranes from low to high solute concentrations

allows cells to use water to maintain cellular integrity or to adapt to changes

A

Osmosis

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23
Q

Water movement of Osmosis

A

solute low to solute high

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24
Q

Osmosis

HOH gain

No change

HOH loss

A

Hypotonic

Isotonic

Hypertonic

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25
Q

In plant cells,

Hypotonic is ___

Hypertonic is ____

A

Hypotonic Turgid

Hypertonic Plasmolyzed (flaccid)

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26
Q

Water vacuoles that hold water for plants from Cytosol

A

Tonoplasts

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27
Q

maintenance of a correct balance of ions

requires an input of free energy

A

Active transport

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28
Q

___ provides the
energy for operation of a ___
pump, an active transport
protein complex linked to ____

A

ATP hydrolysis

Na+/K+

ATPase activity

29
Q

internalizing extracellular substances

capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane

A

Endocytosis

30
Q

the secretion of large molecules

expel material from the cell into the extracellular fluid

A

Exocytosis

31
Q

deliver membrane proteins made in cells to the cell surface

A

Exocytotic pathways

32
Q

Types of things expelled through exocytosis (2)

A

proteins and glycoproteins like digestive enzymes

Peptide/Polypeptide Hormones

33
Q

3 Main types of Endocytosis

Cell membrane surrounds particle and engulfs it

Cell membrane invaginates, surrounds a small volume of liquid and pinches off

Uptake of substances is targeted to a single type that binds to the receptor on the external surface

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

34
Q

Exocytosis

Waste material is enveloped in a membrane and fuses with the interior of the ____

opens the ____ on the exterior of the cell. the waste
material is expelled into the extracellular space

A

plasma membrane

membranous envelope

35
Q

Only passive examples of transport

A

Diffusion (small molecular weight)

Osmosis (Water)

Facilitated Transport/Diffusion (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Glucose)

36
Q

Examples of Exocytosis

secretion of ___ and ____by
synaptic vesicles.

A

proteins of the extracellular matrix

secretion of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

37
Q

class of cellular structures consisting of multiprotein complexes that provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or extracellular matrix

allow to function as a unit and exchange info and nutrients

A

Cell junctions

38
Q

Cell junctions maintain the ____ of ___ and control ___

A

Paracellular barrier of Epithelia

Paracellular Transport

39
Q

Types of cell-cell junctions (4)

A

Tight Junctions

Adherens Junctions

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

40
Q

Type of Cell-matrix Junctions

A

Hemidesmosomes

Extracellular Matrix

Actin-linked Cell Matrix Junction

41
Q

3 main purposes of junctions in healthy cells

A

✓ To bind cells tightly

✓ To give tissues structural integrity and;

✓ To allow cells in contact with
one another to pass chemical
information directly between
them.

42
Q

Cancer cells typically have fewer ___ and ___ in their membranes and cant inform each other when they reach ___

This causes them to ___ or spread from their original site of formation

A

cadherens

integrins

confluence

metastize

43
Q

A complex web system that allows animal cells to connect and communicate

connective tissues and fibres not part of the cell

holds cells together to form a tissue and allow tissues to communicate with each other.

A

Extracellular matrix

44
Q

Components of ECM

A

Proteins

Carbohydrates

45
Q

Commonn parts of Extracellular matrix

A

Collagen Fiber - Protein

Fibronectin - Glycoprotein

Integrin

46
Q

Parts of a proteoglycan complex

A

Carbohydrates

Protein

Polysaccharide

47
Q

Where is the ECM connected? (2)

A

Cytoskeletal fibers

Transmembrane proteins

48
Q

Form the framework of the vertebrate body in different amounts

Major in (2):

Minor in (2):

A

Connective tissues

Cartilage and Bone

Brain and SPinal COrd

49
Q

Cells that secrete COLLAGEN for the formation of connective tissue

A

Fibroblast

50
Q

Main classes of the Extracellular Matrix (3)

polysaccharide chains covalently linked to protein in the form ___

have both structural and adhesive functions.

noncollagenous which which carry conventional asparagine-linked oligosaccharides.

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Proteoglycans

Fibrous proteins

Glycoproteins

51
Q

Types of Fibrous proteins (4)

A

collagen,
elastin,
fibronectin,
laminin

52
Q

unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units.

Highly negatively charged

A

Glycosaminoglycans

53
Q

Groups of GAGs (5)

A

hyaluronan

Chondroitin Sulfate

Dermatan Sulfate

Heparan Sulfate

Keratan Sulfate

54
Q

Also called hyaluronic acid

Simplest GAG

Regular repeating sequence of disaccharide and is found in all tissues and fluids

Abundant in early embryos

A

Hyaluronan

55
Q

Composed of GaG Chains Covalently Linked to a Core protein

Membrane-bound ____make the
polypeptide chain, or core protein, of a
proteoglycan

assembled on this core protein in the ___

A

Proteoglycan

ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

56
Q

secreted in large quantities by connective-tissue cells

most abundant proteins in mammals, where they constitute 25% of total protein mass

A

FIbrous proteins (collagen)

57
Q

Collagens are extremely rich in ___ and ___, both importaint in the formation of triple-stranded helix

A

Proline

Glycine

58
Q

highly hydrophobic rich in proline and glycine but is not glycosylated

hydrophobic segments

alanineand lysine-rich α-helical segments

A

Fibrous proteins (elastin fibers)

59
Q

large glycoprotein found in all vertebrates and important for many cell–matrix interactions.

large glycoprotein found in all vertebrates and important for many cell–matrix interactions.

guide cell movements in developing tissues

A

FIbrous proteins (Fibronectin)

60
Q

primary organizer of the sheet structure

Comprise a large family of proteins

A

FIbrous proteins (laminin)

61
Q

transmembrane heterodimers that Link the Extracellular Matrix to the Cytoskeleton

superfamily of cell adhesion receptors that bind to extracellular matrix ligands

24 of them

A

Integrins

62
Q

Fibronectin

Distribution

Phenotypes when mutated

A

Ubiquitous

Death of embryo, blood vessel damage

63
Q

Laminin

Distribution

Phenotypes when mutated

A

Ubiquitous + muscle + Hemidesmosomes

Skin blistering, embryo death, muscle dystrophy

64
Q

Counterreceptors

Distribution

Phenotypes when mutated

A

White Blood Cells

Leucocytes impairment

65
Q

FIbrinogen

Distribution

Phenotypes when mutated

A

Platelets

Bleeding

66
Q

Surface protein

A

Peripheral Proteins

67
Q

Extracellular surface is sugar coated with ___ covalently linked to membrane proteins or phospholipids as ___, and ____

A

Oligosaccharides

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

68
Q

Like tiles embedded in the phospholipid medium

A

Integral membrane proteins

Cell and Molecular Biology (19 decks)

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