PPT Flashcards
Why are cells small
Allows the communication process faster and better
Accommodation of larger quantities
Requires less energy
Faster diffusion
BAHAGI NI SIHAY (Cell)
MITOCHONDRION
CYTOPLASM
LYSOSOME
RIBOSOME
CENTRIOLE
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
SULIDLAWAS
SILIDKAPHAY
BILUSLAWAS
RIBOLAWAS
GITBUTIL
LAMAD NG BUTOD
BAHAGI NI SIHAY (Cell) 2
PLASMA MEMBRANE
CHROMATIN
NUCLEUS
NUCLEOLUS
GOLGI BODIES
LAMAD NG KAPHAY
KULAYIN
BUTOD
IBUTOD
GOLGILAWAS
Common features of all cells (7)
Universal Genetic Code
Same 20 Amino Acids
Universally conserved genes
Making Proteins
Chemiosmosis
Metabolic pathways
Nucleic Acid Polymer
Nucleotide
Protein Dry Mass amount
50%
receptors for hormones or neurotransmitters
Transmembrane Proteins
serve to regulate the transport or signaling activities of transmembrane
protein complexes
Peripheral Membrane Proteins
Membrane proteins covalently linked to OLIGOSACCHARIDES
Glycoproteins
These oligosaccharides are called ___, and sugar-linked proteins are
therefore called glycoproteins.
glycans
Lipids in cell membrane
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins in cell membrane(5)
Transport Proteins
Receptor
Adhesion Molecules
Antigen
Enzymes
Carbs in Cell Membrane
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
the movement of particles (solute) across or through a barrier.
Essential homeostatic mechanism for regulating cellular
ionic balance
Membrane Transport
MT maintainance
pH
Na+
K+
Ca2+
pH 7.5
Na+ 10mmol/L
K+ 200 mmol/L
Ca2+ 0.1 umol/L or less
Types of Membrane Transport (3)
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Vesicular Transport
Types of Passive Transport
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Types of Active Transport (2)
Tiers below it (3)
Primary (pumps)
Secondary (co-transport)
Uniport, Symport, Antiport
Types of Vesicular Transport (2)
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Facilitated Diffusion
undergo _____ change when they bind to a solute to be transported.
It also undergoes a ___ so there is no longer a high affinity
Carrier proteins
Allosteric
Second conformational change
Facilitated Diffusion
protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other
They have an ___ which becoems accessible to ions after a conformational change that opens it
Responsible for excitability of cells neuronal of muscle cell responses
Ion Channel Proteins
Aqueous pore
the diffusion of water across membranes from low to high solute concentrations
allows cells to use water to maintain cellular integrity or to adapt to changes
Osmosis
Water movement of Osmosis
solute low to solute high
Osmosis
HOH gain
No change
HOH loss
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
In plant cells,
Hypotonic is ___
Hypertonic is ____
Hypotonic Turgid
Hypertonic Plasmolyzed (flaccid)
Water vacuoles that hold water for plants from Cytosol
Tonoplasts
maintenance of a correct balance of ions
requires an input of free energy
Active transport
___ provides the
energy for operation of a ___
pump, an active transport
protein complex linked to ____
ATP hydrolysis
Na+/K+
ATPase activity
internalizing extracellular substances
capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane
Endocytosis
the secretion of large molecules
expel material from the cell into the extracellular fluid
Exocytosis
deliver membrane proteins made in cells to the cell surface
Exocytotic pathways
Types of things expelled through exocytosis (2)
proteins and glycoproteins like digestive enzymes
Peptide/Polypeptide Hormones
3 Main types of Endocytosis
Cell membrane surrounds particle and engulfs it
Cell membrane invaginates, surrounds a small volume of liquid and pinches off
Uptake of substances is targeted to a single type that binds to the receptor on the external surface
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis
Waste material is enveloped in a membrane and fuses with the interior of the ____
opens the ____ on the exterior of the cell. the waste
material is expelled into the extracellular space
plasma membrane
membranous envelope
Only passive examples of transport
Diffusion (small molecular weight)
Osmosis (Water)
Facilitated Transport/Diffusion (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Glucose)
Examples of Exocytosis
secretion of ___ and ____by
synaptic vesicles.
proteins of the extracellular matrix
secretion of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
class of cellular structures consisting of multiprotein complexes that provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or extracellular matrix
allow to function as a unit and exchange info and nutrients
Cell junctions
Cell junctions maintain the ____ of ___ and control ___
Paracellular barrier of Epithelia
Paracellular Transport
Types of cell-cell junctions (4)
Tight Junctions
Adherens Junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Type of Cell-matrix Junctions
Hemidesmosomes
Extracellular Matrix
Actin-linked Cell Matrix Junction
3 main purposes of junctions in healthy cells
✓ To bind cells tightly
✓ To give tissues structural integrity and;
✓ To allow cells in contact with
one another to pass chemical
information directly between
them.
Cancer cells typically have fewer ___ and ___ in their membranes and cant inform each other when they reach ___
This causes them to ___ or spread from their original site of formation
cadherens
integrins
confluence
metastize
A complex web system that allows animal cells to connect and communicate
connective tissues and fibres not part of the cell
holds cells together to form a tissue and allow tissues to communicate with each other.
Extracellular matrix
Components of ECM
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Commonn parts of Extracellular matrix
Collagen Fiber - Protein
Fibronectin - Glycoprotein
Integrin
Parts of a proteoglycan complex
Carbohydrates
Protein
Polysaccharide
Where is the ECM connected? (2)
Cytoskeletal fibers
Transmembrane proteins
Form the framework of the vertebrate body in different amounts
Major in (2):
Minor in (2):
Connective tissues
Cartilage and Bone
Brain and SPinal COrd
Cells that secrete COLLAGEN for the formation of connective tissue
Fibroblast
Main classes of the Extracellular Matrix (3)
polysaccharide chains covalently linked to protein in the form ___
have both structural and adhesive functions.
noncollagenous which which carry conventional asparagine-linked oligosaccharides.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Proteoglycans
Fibrous proteins
Glycoproteins
Types of Fibrous proteins (4)
collagen,
elastin,
fibronectin,
laminin
unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units.
Highly negatively charged
Glycosaminoglycans
Groups of GAGs (5)
hyaluronan
Chondroitin Sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate
Heparan Sulfate
Keratan Sulfate
Also called hyaluronic acid
Simplest GAG
Regular repeating sequence of disaccharide and is found in all tissues and fluids
Abundant in early embryos
Hyaluronan
Composed of GaG Chains Covalently Linked to a Core protein
Membrane-bound ____make the
polypeptide chain, or core protein, of a
proteoglycan
assembled on this core protein in the ___
Proteoglycan
ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
secreted in large quantities by connective-tissue cells
most abundant proteins in mammals, where they constitute 25% of total protein mass
FIbrous proteins (collagen)
Collagens are extremely rich in ___ and ___, both importaint in the formation of triple-stranded helix
Proline
Glycine
highly hydrophobic rich in proline and glycine but is not glycosylated
hydrophobic segments
alanineand lysine-rich α-helical segments
Fibrous proteins (elastin fibers)
large glycoprotein found in all vertebrates and important for many cell–matrix interactions.
large glycoprotein found in all vertebrates and important for many cell–matrix interactions.
guide cell movements in developing tissues
FIbrous proteins (Fibronectin)
primary organizer of the sheet structure
Comprise a large family of proteins
FIbrous proteins (laminin)
transmembrane heterodimers that Link the Extracellular Matrix to the Cytoskeleton
superfamily of cell adhesion receptors that bind to extracellular matrix ligands
24 of them
Integrins
Fibronectin
Distribution
Phenotypes when mutated
Ubiquitous
Death of embryo, blood vessel damage
Laminin
Distribution
Phenotypes when mutated
Ubiquitous + muscle + Hemidesmosomes
Skin blistering, embryo death, muscle dystrophy
Counterreceptors
Distribution
Phenotypes when mutated
White Blood Cells
Leucocytes impairment
FIbrinogen
Distribution
Phenotypes when mutated
Platelets
Bleeding
Surface protein
Peripheral Proteins
Extracellular surface is sugar coated with ___ covalently linked to membrane proteins or phospholipids as ___, and ____
Oligosaccharides
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Like tiles embedded in the phospholipid medium
Integral membrane proteins
