MODULE 3 Translation Flashcards
_____ the process by which the information in the DNA code is translated into proteins.
Protein synthesis
7 stages of Protein synthesis
1) DNA is transcribed into ____. The way it is transcribed may be affected in multiple ways
2) The ____ leaves the ___ through the ___ and moves to the surface of a ___
3) ___ binds to the surface of a ____
4) Molecules of ____ carry individual ___ and line it up against a complementary codon on the mRNA.
1) DNA is transcribed into MESSENGER RNA. The way it is transcribed may be affected in multiple ways.
2) The mRNA leaves the NUCLEUS through the NUCLEAR PORES and moves to the surface of a RIBOSOME
3) mRNA binds to the surface of a RIBOSOME
4) Molecules of TRANSFER RNA carry individual AMINO ACIDS and line it up against a complementary codon on the mRNA.
7 stages of Protein synthesis
5) _____ link the amino acids together, formiing ___. ____ breaks away and returns to the ___ to pick up another amino acid.
6) The ____ moves along the molecule of mRNA until the end is reached. The completed ___ detaches and moves into ___ for further modification or into the ___ to undergo proper ____. Either makes it a functional protein.
7) The ____ may be read repeatedbly before being released from the surface of the Ribosome.
5) RIBOSOMAL ENZYMES link the amino acids together, forming PEPTIDE BONDS. tRNA breaks away and returns to the CYTOPLASM to pick up more amino acid.
6) The RIBOSOME moves along the molecule of mRNA until the end is reached. The completed POLYPEPTIDE detaches and moves into GOLGI APPARATUS for further modification or into the CYTOPLASM to undergo proper FOLDING. Either makes it a functional protein.
7) The mRNA may be read repeatedly before being released from the surface of the ribosome.
Each ____ are synthesized from the ___ to the ___.
Each amino acid is specified by three bases (___) in the mRNA which is a nearly universal genetic code.
Each Polypeptide chain are synthesized from the AMINO to the CARBOXY TERMINUS
Each amino acid is specified by three bases (CODON) in the mRNA which is a nearly universal genetic code.
BASIC COMPONENTS:
_____ transmits information present in DNA
____ acts as a bilingual translator molecule
____ the workbenches for protein synthesis
____ serve to mediate the attachment of specific amino acids to specific tRNA moolecules
_____ basic
mRNA
tRNA
Ribosomes and rRNA
tRNA synthetases
amino acid
Eukaryotic mRNAs encode ____ protein, whereas bacterial mRNAs encode ___ protein.
Eukaryotic mRNAs are capped by ____ with a ____ which allows it to be stable. It is also a binding site for proteins and protection against attacks by nucleases.
Eukaryotic mRNAs have a ____ which has 50 to 3000 adenine residues on it, it helps from degradation in the cytoplasm. It promotes export.
Eukaryotic : 1
Prokaryotic: more than 1
7-methylguanosine residue
5’-triphosphate-5’
poly(A) tail
____ transcribes information present in DNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
mRNA:
In Eukaryotes, the mRNA encodes for ____ polypeptide ____
In prokaryotes, the mRNA encodes for ____ polypeptide ____
Eukaryotes:
One polypeptide
Monocistronic
Prokaryotes:
Multiple polypeptide
Polycistronic
mRNA:
In eukaryotes, the 5’ end is ___
In prokaryotes, 5’ end is ___
Eukaryotes:
capped, 7 methylguanosine
Prokaryotes:
not capped
mRNA:
In eukaryotes, the 5’-nontranslated region separates the cap from the ____
In prokaryotes, ____ are preceded by the specific nucleotide sequence called the ____
Eukaryotes:
translational initiation signal
Prokaryotes:
Initiation codons
Shine-Delgarno sequence
Name of non-coding sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
5’UTR
3’ UTR
____ Determines how the nucleotide sequence specifies the amimo acid sequence of a protein
The locations of the nucleotide in the first, second, and third positions define the amino acid specified by the code
The genetic Code
Characteristics of the Genetic code:
How many letters are there in the genetic code?
Each amino acid is encoded by three consecutive nucleotides, called ____
4 (A C G U/T)
Codons
Characteristics of the Genetic code:
It is ____ which means that out of 64 codons, only 61 codons code for the 20 amino acids in proteins (3 codons are ____)
Degenerate
Termination codons
Characteristics of the Genetic code:
The two amino acids which only have a single codon to code for them. (The others have two or more)?
Methionine
Tryptophan
The code is generally ____ which means that each nucleotide belongs to a single reading frame.
The reading frame is started by an ____ or Start, which is AUG
The three ____ can signal the end of a protein. They are UAA, UAG, or UGA
Nonoverlapping
Initiation codon
Termination codon
Where the genetic code is not universal (3)
Prokaryotes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
____ are adapters that deliver amino acids to the translation machinery by matching ___ with their corresponding amino acids as they are incorporated into a growing ____
TRANSFER RNAs are adapters that deliver amino acids to the translation machinery by matching mRNA CODONS with their corresponding amino acids as they are incorporated into a growing POLYPEPTIDE
Specialized tRNAs that carry ____ or ____ in bacteria initiate protein synthesis.
Methionine
Formylmethionine
Transfer RNAs consist of ___ nucleotides that basepair to form ____ and ___. These elements of secondary structure fold to form an L-shaped molecule.
A “decoding” triplet (the ____) is at one end of the L. And the amino acid acceptor site is at the other end of the L
~76 nucleotides
four stems
three intervening loops
(the anticodon)
Enzymes called ____ catalyze a two-step reaction that couples the amino acid to its appropriate tRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) synthetases
_____ Particles composed of rRNA and proteins that are the sites of protein synthesis.
It translates the 4-letter language in mRNA into the 20-letter language in protein by a ribosome
Giant macromolecular machines that bring together an mRNA and aa-tRNAs
The Ribosome
The sizes of the subunits of ribosomes are traditionally given in ____.
It should be noted that mammalian ribosomes have larger RNAs and more proteins than prokaryotic and Mitochondrial ribosomes
Svedburg
You can find ribosomes in the ___ or bound to the ___
However, they are formed in the ___
Its component, rRNA the most abundant RNA in the cell is formed in the _____
Cytoplasm
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Nucleus
