MODULE 3

Question 1

Steps of Transcription (3)

____ occurs when enzyme in RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. DNA unwinds and enzyme can now read the bases.

____ addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand

____ it detaches from DNA, mRNA strand is complete afterwards

Answer 1

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Question 2

Who coined the term Central Dogma which explains the flow of genetic information?

Answer 2

Francis Crick

Question 3

Types of strand (2):

ANTISENSE strand -
SENSE strand -

Answer 3

Template strand
- the RNA molecules will be complementary and antiparallel to this strand

Non-template strand

Question 4

COOKBOOK =
CHEF =
RECIPE =
INGREDIENTS =
PIZZA =

Answer 4

COOKBOOK = DNA
CHEF = RIBOSOME
RECIPE = mRNA
INGREDIENTS = AMINO ACID
PIZZA = PROTEINS

Question 5

START codon

Answer 5

AUG

Question 6

STOP codon

Answer 6

UAA
UAG
UGA

Question 7

____ coding for a protein

Answer 7

GENE EXPRESSION

Question 8

Considering there are millions of base pairs in a chromosome.

How many bp in a gene?

Answer 8

10 - 50 Kbp

Question 9

____ aims to make an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. A process where RNA molecules are synthesized from DNA templates.

It makes a protein-coding gene, the RNA Copy, or ____ which carries the information needed to make a ____ unit

Answer 9

Transcription

transcript
polypeptide unit

Question 10

Where does transcription occur for eukaryotes?

Where does it occur for prokaryotes?

Answer 10

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Question 11

Transcription is catalyzed by the enzyme ____ for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

It needs three major components for the process:

Answer 11

RNA polymerase

It needs three major components for the transcription process:

1. DNA template
2. the Substrate (raw material)
3. The transcription apparatus

Question 12

_____ a stretch of DNA that encodes an RNA molecule and the sequences necessary for its transcription.

It has (3)

Answer 12

The transcription unit

1. Promoter
2. RNA-coding region
3. terminator

Question 13

_____ a DNA sequence that initiates and TRANSCRIPTION APPARATUS recognizes and binds. Determines the DNA strand to be read as template + the direction.

_____ a sequence of DNA nucleotides copied into an RNA molecule

_____ a sequence of nucleotides that signals where transcription is to end. Transcription stops when it is copied to RNA

Answer 13

Promoter

RNA-coding region

Terminator

Question 14

What is the substrate for transcription?

Nucleotides are added where?

Answer 14

ribonucleotide triphosphates

3’ -OH

Question 15

What kind of structures forms in RNA for termination?

Answer 15

hairpin structure

Question 16

TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE:

RNA polymerase I - located in the ____, which ___ is transcribed processed and assembled into ___.

RNA polymerase II - located in the ____, and synthesizes all ____

RNA polymerase III - located in the ___, transcribes ___ and ____

Answer 16

nucleolus
rRNA
ribosomes

nucleus
pre-mRNAs

nucleus
pre-tRNAS
nuclear pre-RNAs

Question 17

Differences between bacterial and eukaryotic transcription

1. DNA exists as _____ which is why it must be opened
2. Bacteria have ___ RNA pol only
3. Bacteria have ___ which recognizes and binds directly to promoter
4. In eukaryotes, promoter recognition is carried out by ____ which bind to the promoter.
5. Eukaryotes have extra ____ many kilobases away from the transcription start site

Answer 17

chromatin

one

holoenzyme

accessory proteins

regulatory sequences

Question 18

_____ Term for any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription in eukayotic cells

There are two types:

____ General factors that participate in the transcription-initiation complex

____ Specific factors that stimulate or repress transcription of particular genes by binding to the regulatory sequences

Answer 18

Transcription Factor

There are two types:
BTF - Basal Transcription Factors

TAP - Transcriptional activator proteins

Question 19

_____ consensus sequence in the promotor region of eukaryotic genes that binds to a general transcription factor.

____ The basal transcription factor that binds to the TATA box.The transcription factor that specifies the position at which transcription is initiated.

Answer 19

TATA BOX

TATA - binding protein (TBP)

Question 20

_____ Protein complex that moves histones out of the way of the DNA template.

It will replace them again later.

Answer 20

FACT “Facilitates chromatin trasncription”

Question 21

What do you add to pre-MRNA?

____ protects mRNA in the cytoplasm and helps in the attachment of mRNA with ribosome for translation. It is made up of a ____(____)

____ with the process of ____ it signals the end of mRNA, it has a lot of Adenine bases. Helps with the stability.

____ is when sections of INTRONS are removed and the EXONS stuck together by ____ or a complex____

Answer 21

5’ cap
GTP (Guanosine triphosphate)

3’ polyadenylation tail
polyadenylation

splicing

snRNPs
spliceosome

Question 22

Steps of pre-mRNA splicing (3)

The ____ loops out as ____ bind together to form a ____

The ___ is ___ and the ____ are spliced together

The resulting ____ can then exit the ___ to be translated in the cytoplasm

Answer 22

The INTRON loops out as snRNPs bind together to form a SPLICEOSOME

The intron is excised and the exons are spliced together

The resulting MATURE mRNA may then exit the NUCLEUS to be translated in the CYTOPLASM

Question 23

Termination of RNA chain synthesis is brought about by two type of mechanisms:

_____ also called ____ is a mechanism that causes mRNA transcription to be stopped. The mRNA has a sequence that can base pair with itself to form a ____ structure of ___ in length that is rich in ____

This is what causes the hairpin structure with ____ nucleotides in the 2nd inverted repeat and then a string of ____ nucleotides after the hairpin

Answer 23

Intrinsic Termination / Rho-independent termination

stem-loop structure
7-20 base pairs

cytosine-guanine base pairs

6 adenine
uracil

Question 24

_____ where more than one mRNA can be made from the same gene

Answer 24

Alternative splicing

Question 25

_____ the second part of the central dogma and is RNA to protein or Protein syntehesis. It occurs in the Cytoplasm.

After an mRNA leaves the ____ it goes to a ____

Answer 25

Translation

nucleus
ribosome

Question 26

where does the mRNA leave through so it can bind to a ribosome?

What carries the individual amino acids to the surface of the ribosome so it can line up against a ____ with its ____?

_____ link the amino acids together to form ___ before the previous thing breaks away to pick up another amino acid.

Finally, the completed ____ detaches through the ____ to move into ____ to become a functional protein.

Answer 26

Nuclear pores

tRNA
complementary codon
anticodon

Ribosomal enzymes
peptibe bonds

polypeptide
Release factor
golgi apparatus

Question 27

(a) _____
_____

(b) _____
_____

(c) _____
_____

(d) _____
____
____
____

Answer 27

(a) Transcription
RNA

(b) Post-Transcription
mRNA

(c) Translation
Polypeptide

(d) Post translation
Protein folds upon itself
Effector Molecule
Active Protein