Module 2 The Cell Cycle

Question 1

The continuity of life depends on cells growing, replicating their genetic material (DNA) and then dividing ‐ a process called ___

Answer 1

cell cycle

Question 2

Two major phases of the cell cycle

the cell grows and DNA is replicated

the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and the cell divides.

Answer 2

Interphase

Mitotic Phase

Question 3

The Three Stages of Interphase

normal cell function
-Cellular contents EXCLUDING the chromosomes are duplicated

DNA replication and repair of damaged DNA
-Each of the 46 Chromosomes are duplicated

continued growth and preparation for division
-The cell double checks the chromosomes and makes repair

Answer 3

G1 phase

S phase

G2 phase

Question 4

Cell Cycle Arrest

Answer 4

G0

Question 5

G1 phase:

The cell is accumulating the ___ and the associated proteins as well as ___ to complete the task of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus.

Answer 5

building blocks of chromosomal DNA

accumulating sufficient energy reserves

Question 6

S phase:

Throughout interphase, nuclear DNA remains in a ___. In the S phase, identical pairs of DNA molecules—___— are firmly
attached to the ___ region.

Answer 6

semi‐condensed chromatin
configuration

sister chromatids
centromeric

Question 7

S phase:

The ___ is duplicated during the S phase. This gives rise to the ___ which is the apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during S phase

At the center of each animal cell, the
(1) of animal cells are associated with a pair of rod‐like objects, the ___, these help organize cell division. They are not present in plants and fungi

Answer 7

centrosome
Mitotic Spindle

centrioles

Question 8

G2 Phase:

the cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes ___necessary for chromosome manipulation.

____ is dismantled to provide resources for the mitotic phase. Might have additional cell growth, the final preparations that must be completed before the mitotic phase.

Answer 8

proteins

Cytoskeleton

Question 9

The mitotic phase:

The mitotic phase is a multistep process during which the duplicated chromosomes are ___, ____, and move into two new, identical ___.

The first portion of the
mitotic phase is called ___ or___.

The second portion of the mitotic phase, called ___, or ____ is the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into the
two daughter cells.

Answer 9

aligned
separated
daughter cells

karyokinesis or nuclear division

cytokinesis
“cell motion”

Question 10

form of eukaryotic cell division that produces two daughter cells with the same
genetic component as the parent cell.

2n=2n

Answer 10

Mitosis

Question 11

mitosis forms the basis of ____.

in bacteria, the genome consists of a single, ____ DNA chromosome;

therefore, the process of cell division is simplified. ___ is unnecessary because there is no nucleus
and thus no need to direct one copy of the multiple chromosomes into each daughter cell.

This type of cell division is called ___

Answer 11

asexual reproduction
circular

Karyokinesis

binary (prokaryotic) fission.

Question 12

In____ multicellular organisms
sexual reproduction involves the fusion of ____ to produce a ____.

Answer 12

diploid

two haploid gametes

diploid zygote

Question 13

In the adult organism, mitosis plays a role in (3)

Answer 13

Cell replacement

Wound Healing

Tumor formation

Question 14

Phases of Mitosis/Karyokinesis (5)

The first phase

The first change phase

The change phase

the upward phase

the distance phase

Answer 14

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Question 15

Prophase:

Nuclear envelope dissociate into small ___ and the membranous organelles like ___, ___, and ___ fragment and disperse to the cell’s periphery

Answer 15

Vesicles

Golgi apparatus
Golgi Complex
Endoplasmic retiulum

Question 16

Prophase:

The ____ disappears (disperses) The ____ begin to move to opposite poles of the cell due to the ___

___ emerge from the (2)

Answer 16

Nucleolus
Centrosomes
Microtubules

Spindle fibres

Question 17

Prophase:

The ___ begin to coil more tightly with the aid of ___ proteins and become visible under a light microscope

Answer 17

Sister chromatids

Condensin

Question 18

Prometaphase:

Chromosomes continue to condense

____ appear at the ___

___ microtubules attach to (1)

____ move toward opposite poles

Answer 18

Kinetochores
centromeres

Mitotic spindle

Centrosomes

Question 19

Prometaphase:

____ microtubules that do not engage the chromosomes are called ___. They overlap each other midway between the two poles and contribute to cell elongation

___ located near the poles and aid in orientation, are required for the regulation of mitosis

Answer 19

Spindle microtubules
Polar microtubules

Astral microtubules

Question 20

Metaphase:

___ are finally at the opposite poles of the cells

____ are lined up at the ___ aka ___

Each ___ is attached to a ___ originating from opposite poles they are also attached to other by ____

Chromosomes are maximally condensed

Answer 20

Centrosomes

Chromosomes
Metaphase plate, equatorial plane

Sister Chromatid
Spindle Fiber
Cohesin proteins

Question 21

Parts (4)

Answer 21

Mitotic spindle microtubules

Centromeric region

Kinetochore

Sister Chromatids

Question 22

Anaphase:

____ binding the ___ break down and pull them toward the opposite poles

____ spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell

The cell becomes visibly elongated into an ___ shape as the polar microtubule slide against each other at the metaphase plate

Answer 22

Cohesin proteins
Sister Chromatids

Non-kinetochore

oval

Question 23

Telophase:

____ arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondese, becoming a ___ configuration

____ surrounds each set of chromosomes and ___ appear

The ____ breaks down into ___ to be made into ____

Answer 23

Chromosomes
Chromatin

Nuclear Envelope
Nucleosomes

Mitotic Spindle
Tubulin monomers
Cytoskeletal components

Question 24

____ or “___” is the second main stage of the ____ where cell division is completed by the physical separation into two cells

Answer 24

cytokinesis
cell motion

Mitotic phase

Question 25

Cytokinesis animal cells:

Follows the onset of ___.

A ____ composed of ___ forms just inside the plasma membrane at the former ___

The (3) pull the equator of the cell inward forming a fissure, this fissure is called the ____ which deepens until membrane is cleaved

Answer 25

Anaphase

Contractile Ring
Actin Filaments
Metaphase plate

Cleavage Furrow

Question 26

Cytokinesis plant cells:

In plant cells, a new cell wall must form between the daughter cells.

During ___, the ___ accumulates enzymes, structural proteins and glucose molecules prior to breaking into ___

Answer 26

Interphase
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles

Question 27

Cytokinesis plant cells:

During ___, these golgi vesicles are transported on microtubules to form a ___ (a vesicle structure) at the metaphase plate

The vesicles fuse and coalesce towards the center to make a ____ whuch enlarges until it merges with the cell walls at the periphery of the cell

enzymes use ___ to build a new cell wall and the ____ become parts of the plasma membrane on either side of the new cell wall

Answer 27

Telophase
Phragmoplast

Cell plate

Glucose
Golgi membranes

Question 28

____ Phase where Cell functions normally, occurs in cells that do not divide often or ever

They are in a ___ stage that occurs an exit in the cycle

An example is the ___ and the ___

Answer 28

G0 Phase

Quiescent(inactive)

Mature Cardiac muscle
Nerve cells

Question 29

Chemotherapy drugs that disrupt mitosis by binding to ____ to interfere with microtubule assembly and disassembly (2)

Answer 29

tubulin

Vincristine
Colchicine