Module 2 The Cell Cycle Flashcards
The continuity of life depends on cells growing, replicating their genetic material (DNA) and then dividing ‐ a process called ___
cell cycle
Two major phases of the cell cycle
the cell grows and DNA is replicated
the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and the cell divides.
Interphase
Mitotic Phase
The Three Stages of Interphase
normal cell function
-Cellular contents EXCLUDING the chromosomes are duplicated
DNA replication and repair of damaged DNA
-Each of the 46 Chromosomes are duplicated
continued growth and preparation for division
-The cell double checks the chromosomes and makes repair
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Cell Cycle Arrest
G0
G1 phase:
The cell is accumulating the ___ and the associated proteins as well as ___ to complete the task of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus.
building blocks of chromosomal DNA
accumulating sufficient energy reserves
S phase:
Throughout interphase, nuclear DNA remains in a ___. In the S phase, identical pairs of DNA molecules—___— are firmly
attached to the ___ region.
semi‐condensed chromatin
configuration
sister chromatids
centromeric
S phase:
The ___ is duplicated during the S phase. This gives rise to the ___ which is the apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during S phase
At the center of each animal cell, the
(1) of animal cells are associated with a pair of rod‐like objects, the ___, these help organize cell division. They are not present in plants and fungi
centrosome
Mitotic Spindle
centrioles
G2 Phase:
the cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes ___necessary for chromosome manipulation.
____ is dismantled to provide resources for the mitotic phase. Might have additional cell growth, the final preparations that must be completed before the mitotic phase.
proteins
Cytoskeleton
The mitotic phase:
The mitotic phase is a multistep process during which the duplicated chromosomes are ___, ____, and move into two new, identical ___.
The first portion of the
mitotic phase is called ___ or___.
The second portion of the mitotic phase, called ___, or ____ is the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into the
two daughter cells.
aligned
separated
daughter cells
karyokinesis or nuclear division
cytokinesis
“cell motion”
form of eukaryotic cell division that produces two daughter cells with the same
genetic component as the parent cell.
2n=2n
Mitosis
mitosis forms the basis of ____.
in bacteria, the genome consists of a single, ____ DNA chromosome;
therefore, the process of cell division is simplified. ___ is unnecessary because there is no nucleus
and thus no need to direct one copy of the multiple chromosomes into each daughter cell.
This type of cell division is called ___
asexual reproduction
circular
Karyokinesis
binary (prokaryotic) fission.
In____ multicellular organisms
sexual reproduction involves the fusion of ____ to produce a ____.
diploid
two haploid gametes
diploid zygote
In the adult organism, mitosis plays a role in (3)
Cell replacement
Wound Healing
Tumor formation
Phases of Mitosis/Karyokinesis (5)
The first phase
The first change phase
The change phase
the upward phase
the distance phase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase:
Nuclear envelope dissociate into small ___ and the membranous organelles like ___, ___, and ___ fragment and disperse to the cell’s periphery
Vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Golgi Complex
Endoplasmic retiulum
Prophase:
The ____ disappears (disperses) The ____ begin to move to opposite poles of the cell due to the ___
___ emerge from the (2)
Nucleolus
Centrosomes
Microtubules
Spindle fibres
Prophase:
The ___ begin to coil more tightly with the aid of ___ proteins and become visible under a light microscope
Sister chromatids
Condensin
Prometaphase:
Chromosomes continue to condense
____ appear at the ___
___ microtubules attach to (1)
____ move toward opposite poles
Kinetochores
centromeres
Mitotic spindle
Centrosomes
Prometaphase:
____ microtubules that do not engage the chromosomes are called ___. They overlap each other midway between the two poles and contribute to cell elongation
___ located near the poles and aid in orientation, are required for the regulation of mitosis
Spindle microtubules
Polar microtubules
Astral microtubules
Metaphase:
___ are finally at the opposite poles of the cells
____ are lined up at the ___ aka ___
Each ___ is attached to a ___ originating from opposite poles they are also attached to other by ____
Chromosomes are maximally condensed
Centrosomes
Chromosomes
Metaphase plate, equatorial plane
Sister Chromatid
Spindle Fiber
Cohesin proteins
Parts (4)
Mitotic spindle microtubules
Centromeric region
Kinetochore
Sister Chromatids
Anaphase:
____ binding the ___ break down and pull them toward the opposite poles
____ spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell
The cell becomes visibly elongated into an ___ shape as the polar microtubule slide against each other at the metaphase plate
Cohesin proteins
Sister Chromatids
Non-kinetochore
oval
Telophase:
____ arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondese, becoming a ___ configuration
____ surrounds each set of chromosomes and ___ appear
The ____ breaks down into ___ to be made into ____
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleosomes
Mitotic Spindle
Tubulin monomers
Cytoskeletal components
____ or “___” is the second main stage of the ____ where cell division is completed by the physical separation into two cells
cytokinesis
cell motion
Mitotic phase
Cytokinesis animal cells:
Follows the onset of ___.
A ____ composed of ___ forms just inside the plasma membrane at the former ___
The (3) pull the equator of the cell inward forming a fissure, this fissure is called the ____ which deepens until membrane is cleaved
Anaphase
Contractile Ring
Actin Filaments
Metaphase plate
Cleavage Furrow
Cytokinesis plant cells:
In plant cells, a new cell wall must form between the daughter cells.
During ___, the ___ accumulates enzymes, structural proteins and glucose molecules prior to breaking into ___
Interphase
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
Cytokinesis plant cells:
During ___, these golgi vesicles are transported on microtubules to form a ___ (a vesicle structure) at the metaphase plate
The vesicles fuse and coalesce towards the center to make a ____ whuch enlarges until it merges with the cell walls at the periphery of the cell
enzymes use ___ to build a new cell wall and the ____ become parts of the plasma membrane on either side of the new cell wall
Telophase
Phragmoplast
Cell plate
Glucose
Golgi membranes
____ Phase where Cell functions normally, occurs in cells that do not divide often or ever
They are in a ___ stage that occurs an exit in the cycle
An example is the ___ and the ___
G0 Phase
Quiescent(inactive)
Mature Cardiac muscle
Nerve cells
Chemotherapy drugs that disrupt mitosis by binding to ____ to interfere with microtubule assembly and disassembly (2)
tubulin
Vincristine
Colchicine
