Module 2 Cellular Functions Flashcards
Considered as the control center of the cell. It is where the genetic material is found which serves as the blueprint of every organism.
Nucleus
____ contains the instructions of growth and development in humans and all living things
It is packaged into ____ that contain all our ____
It also stands for ___ and contains chains of (4)
DNA
Chromosomes
Genes
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
Instructions for making proteins which do the work within the cell and body
Genes
Humans genetic information, also known as ___ can be described as the ____
It can be thought that it has two volumes with one volume each from the parents
Each volume contains ___ chapters each, equivalent to the amount of chromosomes in human body cells
Each chapter has recipe pages (Coding DNA or genes ____) and in-between pages (non-coding _____) which still has various jobs we don’t understand
All words are made up of ____ letters with an alphabet of ____ letters
Genome
Book of Life
23
Exons
Introns
3
4
Which genes are turned on or off can be influenced by (5)
diet
chemical exposure
exercise
aging
messages from other genes
The Book of Life Genetic Terminology
Volume 1&2
Chapters
Pages
Words
Letters
Spelling Mistakes
Volume 1&2
Genomes
Chapters
Chromosomes
Pages
Genes
Words
Triplet Code
Letters
ATCG
Spelling Mistakes
Genetci Variant
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of all body cells except for ___ which have no nucleus and therefore do not contain chromosomes
However, abnother place DNA can be found is the ____ (the energy centres of the cell) found scattered outside the nucleus. It is much smaller and has very little ____ DNA
Red blood cells
Mitochondria
Non-coding
In ____ chromosomes, long stretches of ___nm chromatin loop out from extended scaffolds
In ____ chromosomes, the scaffold is folded further into highly compacted structure
Interphase
30 nm
Metaphase
Chromosomes:
____ chromosomes are highly condensed structures composed of DNA and Protein, only visible during ____ or ____
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Mitosis
Meiosis
Shows all the chromosomes in a human being
These chromosomes are stained with special dyes to produce distinctive banding patterns and lined up in size order Chromosome number 1 being the ____ and Chromosome number 22 being the ___
These numbered chromosomes are called ____
The chromosomes labelled either X or Y are the ___ which determine if the chromosomes come from a male or female
karyotype
Largest
Smallest
Autosomes
Sex Chromosomes
Each of the beads on a string is called a ____, thousands of which make up each chromosome
These are found in relative locations called ____ in eukaryotic chromosomes
gene
Loci
True or False: The copies of the chromosome make up half of one gene, thus if one part broke, the rest would follow.
False. each one holds its own copy of a gene except sex chromosomes
True or False: Both X Chromosomes need to be activated in a woman.
False, only one X chromosome is activated. In males, a Y chromosome only has few genes
There are over ____ genes found in the DNA of each person.
The genes on a chromosome and the non-coding DNA make up the ___
A chromosome consists of two DNA chains running in opposite directions. The ___ form the rungs of a ladder and the ladder is twisted to form a ____.
20 000
Genome
bases
double helix
Roughly ___ of these base pairs of DNA make up the human genome
Each ____ tells the cell to produce a particular ____, the building blocks of proteins. the sequence helps produce them in the correct order
Only ___ of the entire DNA in the human cell is made up of genes that contain the information codes for making proteins
The rest of the DNA used to be called ___ as they do not contain info for proteins. They separate genes from each other in chromosomes and are likely to have a role in turning genes on and off. Thus, having control in the function within a genome.
3 billion
triplet
amino acid
1%
Junk DNA
Adenine pairs with ____
Guanine pairs with ____
Thymine
Cytosine
Nucleotide bases goes missing ____
Nucleotide bases are added ____
Deletion
Insertion
DNA variations can occur during our life due to reasons including (4)
The most common causes of genetic variation is ____
radiation
chemicals
Chance
Other unknown Factors
Aging
Gene variations that do not have any impact on our health are called ____ or ____
Gene variations that makes it faulty is called a _____ or ____. This is why having two copies of a gene is important.
Neutral variants
Polymorphisms
Pahtogenic variant
Mutation
When a new gene variation arises in an egg or sperm cell this is called a ____
The person arising from that egg or sperm will be the first in their family to have that DNA change
de novo change
During the ____ portion of the eukaryotic cell cycle, chromosomes de-condense to ___ a less organized form of protein-associated DNA in the nucleus
Interphase
Chromatin
In bacterial ____ it was first revealed that a bacterial chromosome was just a small closed, naked ____ DNA double helix
gene mapping
circular
____ is the gatekeeper of gene activity, very different from its counterpart
Eukaryotic chromatin
Two types of Chromatin
More dispersed, less condensed, associated with fewer proteins
More condensed, associated with more proteins. The ___ is a special case of it.
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin
Nucleolus
Chemical modifications of chromatin proteins & DNA (3)
Active genes tend to be in the more dispersed ____ where enzymes of ___ and ____ have easier access to the DNA
_____ are _____, obscured by additional chromatin proteins present in ____
Methylation
Phosphorylation
Acetylation
Euchromatin
Replication
Transcription
Transcriptionally inactive genes
Heterochromatic
Heterochromatin
Major proteins of chromatin are the ___ which contain a high proportion of basic amino acids like ____ and ___
They bind to the ____ charged DNA molecule
Histones
Arginine
Lysine
Negatively charged
The five major types of Histones are (5)
Their mass is approximately equal to that of cell’s DNA but they are not found in ____
they can be found in ____ which pack DNAs similar to the structures of eukaryotic chromatin
H1
H2A
H2B
H3
H4
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Three levels of chromatin organization (3)
- DNA ____ bp segment of DNA wrapped around histone proteins (____ basic structural unit of chromatin) like beads on a string
- Multiple ____ coiled into ___nm fiber(____) structures
Higher-order packing of the ___nm fiber to form the familiar ____
146 bp
Nulceosomes
Nucleosomes
30nm
Solenoid
30nm
Metaphase chromosome
