Pozzulo et al (line ups)

Question 1

what is the psychology being investigated in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 1

1)False memory,
- This is the idea that our memories are not an accurate recollection of events witnessed.
- Our memories are contaminated by post-event information resulting into reconstructive memory(we recall from a faulty source)

2)Eyewitness testimony
- Jurists use eye witness testimonies to corroborate crime

Question 2

What is the background in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 2

• Children unlike adults are prone to make errors of judgement when they provide eye witness accounts
• Cognitive and social factors are known to be responsible for such errors , social factors like :

a) The status of the interviewer i.e whether or not the interviewer is an authority

b) Fear of getting in trouble if they don’t provide an answer

c) If given a selection they must make a choice , cannot say no

Question 3

What were the aims of the study in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 3

1) To test whether children will be as good as adults in identifying cartoon faces in a target present line-up

2)To test whether children will be worse than adults in identifying human faces in a target present line-up.

3)To test whether children will be worse than adults at rejecting cartoon faces in a target absent line-up

4)To test whether children will be worse than adults at rejecting human faces in a target absent line-up

Question 4

Describe 4 features of the sample of children in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 4

-59 children
- aged between 4-7 years with a mean age of 4.98 years

-21 females , 38 males

• from pre-kindergarten and kindergarten classes in Eastern Ontario Canada.

Question 5

Describe 4 features of the sample of adults in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 5

-53 adults
- aged between 17-30 years with a mean age of 20.54 years

-36 females , 17 males

-recruited from the Introductory psychology participant pole at Eastern Ontario University

Question 6

what is the experimental method in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 6

Laboratory experiment as it occurs in an artificial setting away from the natural police station

Question 7

What is the experimental design? in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 7

-There were two experimental designs

a) Independent measures design
two seperate groups , adults and children

b)Repeated measures design
subjects were repeated in ;

1)Target present vs target absent line-up task

2)Familiarity of target (low cognitive demand task) (cartoon faces) vs non-familiarity of target
(high cognitive demand task)(human faces)

Question 8

What is the 3 iv’s in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 8

1)Age - young children vs adults
2)Type of test - Target present vs Target absent
3)Level of cognitive demand

Question 9

What is the dv in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 9

1) Correctly identifying the target in the target present line-up task

2)Correctly rejecting the faces in the target absent line-up task

Question 10

Describe the human video clips/target in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 10

-2 videos
-6 seconds each
1)A man putting on his coat
2)A female brushing her hair
each video was in colour with no sound
-Presented on a 13 inch laptop screen

Question 11

Describe the photo arrays for the human video in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 11

-The photos only included the humans hair , face , neck and top of their shoulders
- The faces were shown wearing different clothes than in the video
- For each target 4 foils were created , the foils were chosen to look similar to the target in terms of facial features , hair length and colour
-Presented on a 13 inch laptop screen

Question 12

Describe the cartoon video clips/procedure in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 12

-2 videos
-6 seconds each
1)Dora the explorer talking to an audience
2)Go Diego Go putting on a pair of safety gloves
-Each video was in colour with no sound or other characters
-Presented on a 13 inch laptop screen

Question 13

Describe the photo arrays for the cartoon video in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 13

-the photos included only the cartoons faces
-4 foils were selected from cartoon images from the internet , similar in hair , facial features and colour.
-All photos were in black and white
-Presented on a 13 inch laptop screen

Question 14

Describe the target present line up in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 14

-It contained the target , 3 foils and a silhouette (5 images)
-The position of each target in the target present line-up was randomized in order to minimize order effect

Question 15

Describe Target Absent line up in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 15

-It contained 4 foils and a silhouette (5 images)
-in the target Absent line up the 4th foil was located in the same position as the original target

Question 16

what instructions were given before the line-up to the children in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 16

“Please look at the photos.The person/cartoon from the video may or may not be here. if you see the person/cartoon please point the photo.If you do not see the person please point to the box”

Question 17

Explain the procedure testing adults in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 17

-The adults were tested in a lab

• Upon entering the lab each s was given a short introduction to the study and provided a consent form that explained they would be participating in a study of memory.
• After signing the consent form , the subjects were told they would be watching some short video clips.They were asked to pay attention because after the video they would be asked some questions and shown some pictures.
• After the video , the subjects were provided with a sheet asking a free-recall question “what did the cartoon character/person look like?”This question was followed up with “do you remember anything else?” . The ss the wrote down all they could remember from the video clip

-This was followed by the line-up via powerpoint

-They completed the line-up by indicating their selection on a matching sheet.

-The subject was informed that the target may be absent from the line-up in that case they should select the silhouette photograph.

Question 18

Explain the procedure for children before the experiment began in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 18

-Parents/guardians of children provided written informed consent and completed a demographic sheet

-3 female experimenters and 1 female facilitator arrived at each private school(there were 3)

-The children were told the researchers were from a university and were doing a project on tv shows and computer games. (deception)

-The children were told they could change their mind any time and not get into trouble (right to withdraw)

• the researchers worked with the children to make some crafts.To create a level of comfort

-

Question 19

Explain the procedure testing children in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 19

-The children were tested at their school

-Each child was told they would be watching some videos of people doing different things
-They were told to pay close attention because immediately after , they would be asked some questions and shown some pictures

• once the child was comfortable the experimenter played the first video (either human or cartoon)
• After the video clip the researcher asked the child one free-recall question about what they remember about the video
  i.e “what did the cartoon character or person look like?”

-After the child’s response the experimenter asked a non-specific probing question twice i.e “do you remember anything else?”

-If the child did not respond the experimenter asked “do you remember anything from the video?”

• The children were instructed to indicate their choice by pointing

-The procedure was repeated for additional 3 videos each time reminding the child that the cartoon or person they are looking for may not be in the line-up.

Question 20

What were the controls in in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 20

-All the photos were black and white to minimize distractions that would have been caused by bright colours of cartoons in colour photos

-The position of each target in the line -up was randomized to minimise order effect (practice effect)

-The position of the target or its matching foil was counterbalanced

-Use of filler questions to disguise the aim and hence minimise demand characteristics

Question 21

What was the standardisation in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 21

1) All subjects were exposed to the same facial stimuli (the photos)

2)The duration of the videos was a standard 6 seconds for all subjects

3)Three raters were used to judge the similarities of the stimuli to increase inter rater reliability

Question 22

What did the female experimenters who showed the children the video clips and photo arrays wear and why, in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 22

The 3 female experimenters wore professional casual clothing e,g sweater/blouses and dress pants.

Because dress has been shown to influence children’s choosing behaviour in line-up tasks possibly through social pressure .The professional casual clothing would minimise any visual cues of authority

Question 23

What were the target present line up Human faces results for children in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 23

human faces ;
the correct identification were averaged to produce a score of 0.23 (23%)
0.24 for female target
0.21 for male target

Question 24

What were the target present line up Cartoon faces results for children in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 24

Cartoon faces ;
correct identification were averaged to produce a score of 0.99 (99%)
100% for dora
97% for diego

Question 25

What were the target present line up Human faces results for Adults in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 25

Human faces ;
correct identification were averaged to produce a score of 0.66
46% for female target
85% for male target

Question 26

What were the target present line up cartoon faces results for Adults in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 26

Cartoon faces;
0.95 (95%)
100% for Dora
89% for Diego

Question 26

What are the Target Absent results for human faces for Children in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 26

Human faces ;
correct responses were average to produce a score of 45% (0.45)
47% female
43% male

Question 27

What are the Target Absent results for cartoon faces for Children in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 27

Cartoon faces ;
correct responses were average to produce a score of 74%
80% dora
67% diego

Question 28

advantages of the study by Pozzulo

Answer 28

ADVANTAGES;
-High internal validity
-Ethics
-Quantitative data
-High in generalisability

DISADVANTAGES;
-Low ecological validity
- Low generalisability
-Ethics

Question 29

What are the Target Absent results for cartoon faces for Adults in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 29

Cartoon faces ;
correct rejection were averaged to produce a score of 94%
96% for dora
92% for diego

Question 29

what were the conclusions in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 29

1)Young children were as good as adults in identifying cartoon characters. They both scored at a ceiling , childrens memory of cartoon faces were near perfect

2)Young children produced a significantly lower correct rejection rate for cartoon faces compared to adults due to social factors and not cognitive factors

3)Young children produced a significantly lower correct identification rate for human faces

4)Young children produced a significantly lower correct rejection rate for for human faces compared to adults

Question 30

What are the Target Absent results for human faces for Adults in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 30

Human faces;
correct rejection were averaged to produce a score of 70%
72% females
67% males

Question 31

Why is the study by Pozzulo from the cognitive approach

Answer 31

The study investigates the role played by cognitive factors in low cognitive demand tasks as well as social factors such as the fear of getting in trouble if a child doesn’t provide an answer in HCD tasks in the behaviour of correct identification in target present line ups and correct rejection in target absent lineups in children compared to adults.

Question 32

What are the disadvantages of the study by Pozzulo

Answer 32

DISADVANTAGES;
-Low ecological validity
- Low generalisability
-Ethics

Question 33

Application to everyday life in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 33

it Improves reliability of child witness information

Question 34

Individual versus situational debate in the study by Pozzulo

Answer 34

This study supports a situational explanation due to the impact of social factors like authority.

Question 35

Evaluate the use of children in the study by Pozzulo