dement and klietman 1957

Question 1

what approach is the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 1

its under the biological approach

Question 2

what is the psychology being investigated in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 2

Our body follows two types of sleep: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and nREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep.

nREM can be divided into 4 sleep stages.
In REM sleep, our eyes move rapidly under the lids.

REM sleep resembles wakefulness as our eyes move; we often experience vivid (bizarre) thoughts in dreams, and our brains are active. However, it is different from wakefulness as it is difficult to wake up; we are relatively insensitive to stimuli and paralyzed

nREM sleep are the other stages of sleep and they differ in brain activity

Question 3

what is the background in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 3

Aserinsky and Kleitman (1955) study observed periods of rapid, conjugate eye movements during sleep and found a high rate of dream recall in awakening participants during REM sleep and a low rate when awakened at other times.
Sleep and dreaming are hard to investigate because the participant is necessarily asleep, and so cannot communicate with the researcher. Even when awake, only self-report data can be obtained about dream content, which alone may be invalid as it is subjective.

EEG- monitors the electrical activity of the brain.
EOG - allowed the electrical recording of eye movement patterns

Question 4

what were the aims of the study by Demenet …

Answer 4

1)To investigate if dream recall differs between REM and NREM stages of sleep

2)To investigate if there is a positive correlation between estimated dream duration and REM period length

3)To investigate if there is a correlation between eye movement patterns and dream content

Question 5

what were the hypothesis in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 5

1) there will be a significant association between REM sleep and dreaming

2)There will be a positive correlation between estimated dream duration and REM sleep

3)There will be a significant association between eye movement patterns and dream content

Question 6

What is the research method in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 6

laboratory experiment

Question 7

Explain approach 1
state the type of experiment , research design and iv/dv in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 7

• natural experiment
• repeated measures design
• IV : whether the participants woke up from REM or NREM stages of sleep
  -Dv : whether the participants recalled a dream or not

Question 8

Explain approach 2
State the; type of experiment , research design , iv and dv in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 8

• true experiment using a correlational study
  -Repeated measures design
  -IV ; waking up participants after 5 or 15 minutes of REM sleep
  -DV ; participants guess on dream duration (either 5 or 15 min)

Question 9

Explain approach 3
State the; type of experiment , research design , IV and DV in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 9

• Natural experiment
  -Repeated measures design
  -IV; eye movement patterns
  -DV; dream content

Question 10

What is NREM and REM in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 10

Non rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement

Question 11

Describe the sample in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 11

• The sample consisted of 7 male adults and 2 female adults , 5 of which were studied in detail and 4 were used to confirm the results of the first 5
• The 5 main participants spent about 6-17 nights in the lab

-They were woken up approximately 50-77 times
-The other 4 participants spent only one or two nights in the lab with 4-10 awakenings.

-Participants were identified by their initials to maintain confidentiality

Question 12

Describe the procedure in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 12

-Participants reported to the lab a little before their usual bedtime

• They were told to eat normally but to abstain from alcoholic or caffeine containing drinks the day of the experiment.

-They slept in a dark, quiet room. They had 2 EOG electrodes near their eye and 2/3 EEG electrodes to the scalp. A doorbell (for standardisation) that was loud enough to rouse them from any sleep stage , was used to wake participants up at random from REM or NREM

-The doorbell rang at various times during the night and the participants indicated whether they had been dreaming or not and described their dreams in a voice recorder

Question 13

Describe the procedure for hypothesis/aim 1 in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 13

The participants were woken up from either NREM or REM stages of sleep , but they were not told which

-The choice of awakening was decided in different ways for different participants :
a)Participants PM and KC = using a random number table

b) Participant DN = in groups of 3 REM then 3 NREM

c) Participant WD = by telling the participant that they would only be woken up in REM but actually waking them up in REM or NREM

d) Participant IR = in no specific order the experimenter just choose

– after being woken up the participants stated whether they were having a dream or not if so they described the content of the dream into a recorder
–When the participant finished the experimenter occasionally entered the room to ask further questions about the dream

Question 14

How were participants PM and KC woken up in the study by D and K

Answer 14

Using a random number table

Question 15

How was participant DN woken up in the study by D and K

Answer 15

in groups of 3 REM and 3 nREM

Question 16

How was participant WD woken up in the study by D and K

Answer 16

by telling the participant that they would only be woken up in REM but actually waking them up in REM or NREM

Question 17

How was participant IR woken up in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 17

in no specific order the experimenter just choos

Question 18

Describe the procedure for hypothesis/aim 2 in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 18

Participants were woken following 5 or 15 minutes of REM sleep

They were asked if they thought they had been dreaming for 5 or 15 minutes

Their dream narrative was recorded and the number of words was counted

Question 19

Describe the procedure for hypothesis/aim 3 in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 19

-Participants were woken up after exhibiting a single eye-movement pattern for longer than a minute

• The direction of eye movement was detected using EEG electrodes around the eyes.

-The eye movement patterns detected were; ‘mainly vertical’ , ‘mainly horizontal’ , ‘both vertical and horizontal’ , ‘very little or no movement’.

• The dream content was recorded

Question 20

In which stage of sleep did participants recall most of their dreams in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 20

REM sleep

Question 21

Describe the general results in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Question 22

Describe the results for hypothesis 1 in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 22

Participnats frequently described dreams when woken from REM but rarely did so when woken from nREM

-Participants were able to recall a dream from 152/191 awakenings from REM where as from 149/160 awakenings from nREM they did not recall a dream

Question 23

Describe the results for hypothesis 2 in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 23

• Participants had an 88% accuracy in estimating they were woken up after 5 minutes of dreaming.
  -Participants had a 78% accuracy in estimating that they were woken up after 15 minutes of dreaming.

-Dn made the most of these incorrect choices.They estimated 15 minutes to 5 minutes. The dream was long but DN was only able to remember the latter part

Question 24

Describe the results for hypothesis 3 in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 24

**Eye movement patterns as recorded on the EEG were related to dreams visual content.

Mainly vertical eye movement results
- One dreamer was throwing a basketball at a net , shooting looking up at the net then down to pick another ball

Mainly horizontal eye movement results:
-There was only one instance of mainly horizontal eye movement patterns; the dreamer reported he was watching two people throwing tomatoes at each other

Mixed eye movement results:
-21 awakenings had mixed eye movement patterns subjects reported looking at objects or people close to them. For example talking to a group of people , looking for something or fighting with someone

results for little to no eye movement patterns;
- 10 dreamers had little to no eye movement patterns
the dreamer reported watching smth at a distance or staring at an object
-subjects were woken up when no eye movement was followed by a sudden burst of activity to the left e.g
1)one dreamer reported that he was driving a car staring at the road ahead. As he approached a junction he was startled by a speeding car to the left.

Question 25

Describe the Mainly vertical eye movement results in the study by Dement and K

Answer 25

One dreamer was throwing a basketball at a net , shooting looking up at the net then down to pick another ball

• Another dreamer reported climbing up a series of ladders looking up and down as he climbed

Question 26

Describe the mainly horizontal eye movement results in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 26

There was only one instance of mainly horizontal eye movement patterns; the dreamer reported he was watching two people throwing tomatoes at each other

Question 27

Describe the mixed eye movement results in the study by Dement and Kleitma

Answer 27

-21 awakenings had mixed eye movement patterns , subjects reported looking at objects or people close to them. For example talking to a group of people , looking for something or fighting with someone

Question 28

list four advantages in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 28

produces both qualitative and quantitative data.
high in reliability
no demand characteristics
high in validity

Question 29

list four disadvantages in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 29

low in ecological validity
breaks ethical guidelines - deception
low in generalizability because of the small sample size

Question 30

how does it apply to everyday life in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 30

It can be used in therapy involving dream analysis. Patients can be woken up in REM sleep by using an EEG and asked to recall the content of their dream immediately

This could be useful to help diagnose a potential sleep disorder in a patient.They could undergo an EEG whilst sleeping to see if REM and nREM sleep is happening ‘correctly’.

Question 31

what technique was used to measure brain activity in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 31

EEG

Question 32

what technique was used to measure eye movement in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 32

EOG

Question 33

why was the procedure standardised in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 33

so the the study can be easily replicated and tested for reliability

Question 34

What are the conclusions from Dement and Kleitman

Answer 34

1)Eye movement patterns correlate with the content of the dream

2)Dreams are reported from REM and not nREM stages of sleep

3)We spend longer in REM at dawn hence dreams reported from dawn REM’s are likely to be clearer , more detailed and more coherent than dreams reported from the first cycle of sleep

Question 35

Why is the study by Dement and Kleitman from the biological approach

Answer 35

because it involves the role of eye movement patterns (biological response) in the contexts of dreams

Question 36

How was dram recall recorded in the study by Dement and Kleitman

Answer 36

Participants were woken up to record their dream and spoke into a recorder next to their bed.They were asked to state whether they were dreaming or not , if they were they were asked to recall their dream.

Question 37

Outline 2 quantitative results from the study by D and K

Answer 37

Participants woken 5 minutes into their REM sleep were 88% accurate

Participants woken 15 minutes into their REM sleep were 78% accurate.

Question 38

Outline 2 qualitative results from the study by D and K

Answer 38

One dreamer reported climbing up a series of ladders and looking up and down as they climbed

One dreamer reported watching two people throwing tomatoes at each other

Question 39

In the study by D and K the procedure that the researchers first used to measure ss estimations of REM sleep was unsuccessful and had to be revised
Why was it unsuccessful and how was it revised

Answer 39

Participants were woken after a period of REM sleep and told to estimate how long they had been sleeping for , this was too difficult for participants.

The researchers woke the ss after either 5 or 15 minutes of REM sleep and told them to choose between the two how long they had been sleeping for

Question 40

In the study by D and K describe the procedure after the electrodes had been fitted on the ss