andrade doodling Flashcards
what was the sample in the study by Andrade
- the sample consisted of 40 participants
- from the medical research council (MRC) applied psychology unit
- they were aged between 18-55 years
- there were 5 males and 35 females
- they were coming from a colleagues experiment on ways of giving directions
What is the background
Daydreaming had been linked to moments of boredom in people. in these situations, people may resort to doodling to help concentration.
Dual task designs are used to pinpoint our cognitive resources.
Arousal levels need to be maintained to be able to concentrate.
Boredom plays a role in paying attention to information. Information processing can be difficult when asked to do ‘two things at once’.
It has been assumed that doing concurrent tasks (e.g., doodling) impairs concentration / distracts from primary task.
The effects of boredom on processing have been
overlooked.
What is the psychology being investigated in the study by Andrade
Looking at whether doodling aids concentration/memory
Cognitive processing of dual tasks compete for the same levels of performance
This may slow down our overall cognitive processing speed
Boredom plays a role in paying attention to information
Information processing when asked to do two things removes attention from one of the tasks
Doodling could improve performance by raising arousal and enhancing focused attention on the primary task.Doodling might aid concentration by reducing daydreaming so that we stay focused.
what are the aims of the study by andrade
1) to investigate whether doodling enhances focused attention
2) to see if focused attention improves memory of target information
what was is the research method in the study by Andrade
lab experiment because it took place in an artificial environment
what is the experimental design in the study by Andrade
independent measures design
why was it an independent measures design in the study by Andrade
because separate participants were used in the doodling and control group
what is focused attention in the study by Andrade
when mental resources are focused on the primary task
what is divided attention in the study by Andrade
this when mental resources are split between concurrent tasks
what is daydreaming in the study by Andrade
this is when mental resources wander away from the primary task
what were the two tasks in the experiment
in the study by Andrade
1) The monitoring task - this is when they listened to the audio tape and wrote down the names of party-goers
2) The recall task - this is when they recalled names of places and party-goers
what was the iv in the study by Andrade
whether subjects were doodling or not
what is the dv in the study by Andrade
amount of target information monitored from the audio tape.
how was the experiment standardised in the study by Andrade
- the telephone call was played for 2 1/2 minutes at a speed of 227 words per minute
- the voice was monotone
- the room was dull
-all the subjects were already bored and tired
-they were told it doesn’t matter how quickly or neatly they did the doodling
-
how was the procedure counterbalanced and why in the study by Andrade
the participants were divided into two halves
half 1 recalled the names of partygoers then places
half 2 recalled the name of places then partygoers
they did this to minimize order effect specifically practice effect.
what experiment did the participants just come from in the study by Andrade
an experiment on ways of giving directions to different locations
describe how andrade recruited her sample of participants
- they were recruited from a university participant panel
- they had all just completed a different study
- they were asked if they would mind spending 5 minutes helping with research.
- she recruited using opportunity sampling
why did jackie recruit participants who had just come from a different study
to enhance the boredom of the task since the participants were already thinking of going home
what did andrade tell them before playing the tape
“i am going to play you a tape i want you
to pretend that the speaker is a friend who telephoned you to invite you to a party
the tape is rather dull but that’s okay
because i don’t want you to remember any of it
just write down the names of the people who will definitely or probably be coming to the party
ignore the names of those who can’t come do not write anything else
describe the tape that was played in the study by Andrade
it was 2 1/2 minutes with 227 words per minute
it was played in a monotone voice , in a comfortable listening volume
it included 8 names of party-goers , 8 names of places , 3 lures and one cat ben
what did the doodling group do in the study by Andrade
they doodled simultaneously as they listened to the telephone message
they were given a pencil and an A4 piece of paper
the A4 piece of paper had alternating rows of squares and circles ,
there was a 4.5 cm wide margin on the left hand side to write down the names of party goers
they were told it doesn’t matter how quickly or neatly they shade the shapes , it’s just something to relieve the boredom
what did the control group do in the study by Andrade
the group did not doodle but they weren’t told not to
they were given a lined A4 sheet of paper
what happened after the participants finished listening to the tape in the study by Andrade
- experimenter collected the response sheets
-engaged the ss for 1 minute - apologised for misleading them about the memory test(they explained deception)
- they were then divided into two halves and exposed to the memory test
what were the doodling groups result for the monitoring task in the study by Andrade
they correctly wrote down a mean of 7.8 names of party-goers
1 person made a false alarm
they shaded a mean of 36.3 of the printed shapes
what were the control groups result for the monitoring task in the study by Andrade
they correctly wrote down a mean of 7.1 party goer names
5 people made false alarms
how was the monitoring performance score calculated from the study by Andrade
correct responses - false alarms
what was the mean monitoring performance score for the doodlers from the study by Andrade
7.7
what was the mean monitoring performance score for the control group from the study by Andrade
6.9
how was the recall performance score calculated from the study by Andrade
number of correct names recalled - false alarms
what were the results for recall performance from the study by Andrade
the mean overall score was 7.5 for doodlers
and
5.8 for the control group
how does doodling enhance concentration
it limits daydreaming
it stan
strengths from the study by Andrade
high ecological validity
high internal validity - due to standardization and strict controls
generalizability- both male and female
weaknesses from the study by Andrade
low ecological validity - lab study / unnatural
low generalizability - volunteer participant panel
how is the study both high and low in ecological validity
conclusions from the study by Andrade
the researcher suggests doodling enhances concentration by stabilising arousal at an optimal level hence keeping you awake you are therefore more likely to monitor target information better
2) Doodling limits daydreaming by loading the central executive hence the central executive is not entirely free for daydreaming.By minimising daydreaming doodling encourages deeper processing of information hence making your memory better
Why is the study by Andrade from the cognitive approach
the model used in this study is similar to the computer model of information processing
the input is the telephone message
processing is equivalent to the attention
output is equivalent to recalling during the surprise memory task
individual vs situational debate
(Andrade)
It supports the individual side of the debate as everyone doodled in different ways, maybe based on their personality type .There was a wide variety in the amount of doodles someone doodled 100 items.
Andrade had made sure that everyone was bored so that the situation caused them to doodle/
concentrate more when doodling (1 mark: explanation); the task itself may be have brought about
an improvement in concentration as doodling helped them focus more.
