Powerpoints 1&2 Flashcards
Any adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system by a biological, chemical, or physical agent
Neurotoxicity
What are some sources of developmental neurotoxicants?
- industrial chemicals
- Pesticides
- Air pollution
- Tobacco smoke
- Alcohol
Is the brain of a child or the brain of an adult more susceptible to toxic insults?
the brain of a child
(The developing human brain is very susceptible)
Developmental neurotoxicity causes brain damage that is mostly __________ and frequently ___________.
Untreatable, permanent
Loss of cognitive abilities such as reduced intelligence and disruption in behavior are known as:
Developmental disabilities
What is the current definition of Toxicology?
Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms
What is the traditional definition of Toxicology?
The science of poisons
What is a general term for “a foreign substance taken into the body”?
Xenobiotic
True or false: Xenobiotics may be beneficial or they may be toxic
True
Beneficial = pharmaceuticals
Toxic = lead
True or False: The dosage and route of exposure are not important for xenobiotics
False
The dosage and routes are the MOST important!
True or false: Xenobiotics are known to cause many types of toxicity
True
True or false: Some Xenobiotics have to be metabolized before they cause toxicity
True
True or False: many Xenobiotics distribute in the body and affect the whole body
False
they affect only specific target organs
What are substances that produce adverse biological effects of any nature? They can be chemical or physical and may be of various types (acute, chronic, etc.)
Toxicants
What are specific proteins or other molecules that are produced by living organisms such as tetanus toxin? Most toxins exhibit immediate effects
Toxins
What are toxins that cause immediate death or illness when experienced in very small amounts?
Poisons
What are two examples of specific organ toxicants?
benzene and Lead
Which specific organ toxicant is primarily toxic to (ONLY) the hemopoietic system in bone marrow?
Benzene
Which specific organ toxicant has three target organs? (The CNS, kidney, and hematopoietic system?
Lead
What are three three important points to consider about dose?
- Total number of doses
- Frequency (time interval) between doses
- Total time period of treatment
What type of dose is described below:
The amount of a Xenobiotic encountered in the environment
Exposure Dose
What type of dose is described below:
the actual amount of the exposed dose that enters the body
Absorbed dose
What type of dose is described below:
the quantity administered (usually orally by injection)
Administered Dose
What type of dose is described below:
the sum of all individual doses
Total Dose
What usually decreases the probability that the total dose will cause toxicity?
Fractionating a total dose
Dose-related relationship in toxicology:
- Correlates ______ and the spectrum of inducted effects
- The _____ the dose, the more severe the response
Exposures, higher
What is the threshold effect?
The lowest dose where an induced effect occurs
__________ can result from adverse cellular, biochemical, or macro molecular changes
Toxicity
What are examples of toxicity resulting from adverse cellular, biochemical, or macro molecular changes?
- Apoptosis
- Cell replacement with non-functioning cells (ex: fibrosis)
- damage to enzyme system
- disruption of protein synthesis
- production of reactive chemicals in cells
-DNA damage
What is it called when the effect only occurs at one site?
Specific target organ toxicity
What is it called when toxic effects occur at multiple sites ?
Systemic toxicity
What are the types of systemic toxicity?
- Acute
- subchronic
- chronic
- Carcigenicity
- Developmental Toxicity
How long does Acute toxicity last?
Hours/days
How long does subchronic toxicity last?
Several weeks or months
How long does Chronic toxicity last for?
Many months or years
What is Carcinogenicity ?
The process of abnormal cell growth and differentiation which leads to cancer
What is developmental toxicity?
Adverse toxic affects to the developing embryo or fetus
What are the classes of developmental toxicity?
- Embryolethality
- Embryotoxicity
- Teratogenicity
What is embryolethality?
Failure to conceive, spontaneous abortion, or stillbirth
What is embryotoxicity?
Growth retardation or delayed growth of specific organ systems
What is teratogenicity?
Irreversible conditions that leave permanent birth defects in live offspring (ex: cleft palate, missing limbs)
FDA clinical investigations occur in how many phases?
3
Which FDA phase does this describe?
- Testing drug in a small group of about 20-80 patients
- Determine drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects
- elucidate its metabolism
- study the mechanism of action
- elucidate its metabolism
- Determine drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects
Phase 1
Which FDA phase does this describe?
- studies involve several hundred patients and tests:
- short-term side effects of the drug
- risks associated with the drug
- effectiveness of the drug treatment of a particular disease or condition
Phase 2
Which FDA phase does this describe?
- studies are either controlled or uncontrolled trials conducted with several hundred to several thousand patients
- they are designed to:
- gather additional information about effectiveness and safety
- evaluate overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug
-provide basis for precautionary information that needs to accompany the drug
Phase 3
