Powerpoint 6 Flashcards
Sequence of systemic, morphological, and structural changes during development of an embryo is known as?
Neuralation
Neural tube developing from the neural plate is known as?
gestation
does fusion or fission create the neural tube?
fusion
True or False:
During the 3rd week of gestation, the neural plate is developed from the neural tube
False!!
the neural tube is developed from the neural plate!!!
What are the three meninges of the CNS?
- dura mater
- arachnoid
- pia mater
Which of the meninges is closest to the skull?
dura mater
Which of the meninges is closest to the brain
Pia mater
Which of the meninges does this describe?
Thick and very tough
Dura mater
Which of the meninges does this describe?
Thin, contacts dura mater
Arachnoid
Which of the meninges does this describe?
Thin, adheres directly to the CNS surface
Pia mater
What is another name for neural tube defects?
Spinal dysraphism
What type of defects are spina bifida occulta, spina bifida, meningocele, and meningomyelocele?
Defects involving the spinal cord
What type of defects are anencephaly, exencephaly, meningocele, and meningoencephalocele?
Defects involving the brain
Total craniorachischis is…
Defects involving brain and spinal cord
Nutritional status, obesity and diabetes, folic acid, environmental toxicants, and genetic factors all cause what?
Neural tube defects
____ ____ (also known as folate or vitamin B9) is required in the body for normal growth and development
Folic acid
Low levels of folate (vitamin B9) during pregnancy have been found to lead to increased risk of NTDs. What does NTD stand for?
Neural tube defect
What is required for the production and maintenance of new cells, DNA synthesis, and RNA synthesis?
Folate
What does the activation of the apoptosis signal regulating kinase-1 in hyperglycemia conditions lead to?
Activation of the apoptotic caspase-8
True or False:
The meninges do not herniate though the opening of the spinal cord in spina bifida occulta
True
Instead, they herniate out of the spinal cord and the opening in Myelomeningocele
True or False:
Herniation of the meninges through the spinal cord occurs in meningocele
FALSE
It goes through the spinal CANAL!!
____________________ is a sac like structure that contains:
- part of the spinal cord
- converging-meninges
- spinal fluid
Myelomeningocele
Which parts of the brain are babies born with an anencephaly missing?
The cerebrum and cerebellum
What biologically causes an anencephaly?
The neural tube fails to close during the first few weeks of embryonic development
What defect of the brain does this describe?
- cerebral hemispheres are completely missing or depressed to small masses attached to the base of the skull
- shallow orbit
- protrusion of the eyeballs
Anencephaly
causes and inheritance pattern for anencephaly
- multiple genetic and environmental factors
- anencephaly are mostly sporadic but can be familial
Failure to close which end of the neural tube causes anencephaly?
Rostral end
What is the part of the brain that forms part of the hindbrain and is the 2nd largest part of the brain?
The cerebellum
What is the part of the brain that forms part of the forebrain and is the largest part of the brain?
The cerebrum
What is the part of the brain that involves the following:
- changes in heart rate
- breathing, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing
- digestion
the brain stem
Which part of the brain is described by the following:
- intelligence, learning, judgement
- speech and memory
- sense of hearing, vision, taste, and smell
- skeletal muscle movements
Cerebrum
Which part of the brain is described by the following:
- Balance and Coordination
- Posture
Cerebellum
What is the name of the structure that divides the hemispheres and acts as a relay between the two?
The corpus callosum
What is the most common region for an exencephaly?
The occipital region
What is HPE (Holoprosencephaly)?
A disorder in which the prosencephalon (the forebrain of the embryo) fails too develop into two hemispheres
What is Hydrocephalus?
Accumulation of an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the cranial cavity
How does Hydrocephalus occur?
It can be acquired through a lesion or a developmental abnormality
Does Obstructive hydrocephalus or compensatory hydrocephalus involve increased CSF pressure?
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus happens if CSF is blocked due to malformation of the ventricular system in the brain. What is this called?
Congenital hydrocephalus
What is it called if Hydrocephalus occurs for other reasons such as intraventricular hemorrhage, head injury/trauma, brain infection, or brain tumor?
Acquired hydrocephalus
