Poultry Flashcards
Chickens have quadrupled in size in the last 50 years. True or False.
True
Where is the poultry capital of the world?
Georgia
What is the amount of corn used for broiler and breeder feed?
More than 1.2 billion bushels
What is the amount of soybean (meal component) used for broiler and breeder feed?
More than 500 million bushels
How is poultry classified?
According to age and sex, this varies by species
How are chickens raised for meat classified?
Broilers/Fryers and Roasters
What age are broilers/fryers slaughtered?
A young age
At what age are roasters slaughtered?
Older than broilers/fryers
Also are larger in size
What is a classification for turkeys?
Fryer-roaster
What are 2 facts about fryer roasters?
Very young and small in size ~ 7 lbs
A female fryer roaster is called what?
A young hen
A male fryer roaster is called what?
A young tom
What are examples of other poultry?
Duck, geese, guinea fowl, squab, quail, pheasant
What is the composition of poultry?
Muscle, water, connective tissue, adipose (fatty) tissue, bone
What is different about the muscle in poultry?
There is a higher ratio of myofibrils to sarcoplasm that contracts rapidly, but tires quickly
What is the difference between white meat and dark meat?
The muscles that are used more frequently have more myoglobin (require more oxygen)
Give two examples of dark meat for chickens and turkey.
Thighs and drumsticks
Give an example of white meat for chickens and turkey.
Breast muscle
What type of animal has darker breast meat because they use the muscles for flying?
Wild birds, like ducks
What act made the inspection of poultry shipped across state lines mandatory?
1968 Wholesome Poultry Product Act
In the 1968 Wholesome Poultry Product Act what is the USDA inspecting?
Wholesomeness and sanitation
When and where does this inspection occur?
Before and after slaughtering, and at the processing plant
The poultry is stamped with a USDA inspection mark if it passes the inspection. True or False
True
What happens if you do not pass the inspection?
You can not ship the product across state lines
What makes a product qualify for Grade A?
It depends on the absence of “defects” such as the presence of feathers or bruising and discoloration
The USDA poultry grading is a _________ service paid by poultry producers.
Voluntary
What are the 3 grades for poultry?
Grades A, B, C
Which grade is the best?
Grade A
What are the criteria for grading?
The shape of the carcass, amount of meat on the bird, amount and distribution of fat, and freedom from blemishes
Differences between USDA Grade A and Grade B
Grade A is fully fleshed and meaty, with uniform fat covering and, a clean appearance. Grade B is not as meaty as grade A and may occasionally have tears or cuts.
What are the 5 types of poultry?
Fresh, frozen, cooked, canned, and dehydrated
What are the 4 styles of poultry?
Live, dressed,ready-to-cook, and convenience
What does dressed style entail?
Only blood, feathers, and craw removed
What does ready-to-cook style entail?
Free of blood, feathers, craw/crop. head, feet, and entrails
Which one will have more Salmonella concentration?
Convenience
Processed poultry is used in…
Canned or dried soups, frozen dinners, pot pies, sausages, hot dogs, burgers, etc.
How are poultry processing meat products made?
Mixing various quantities of animal fat with muscle meat and body parts
Example of processed poultry
Sausages, patties, kebabs
What are chicken nuggets composed of?
Either whole chicken pieces or a paste of chicken meat and skin
Commercially, chicken can contain a lot of skin. True or False.
True
What is the skin of chicken nuggets primarily composed of?
Fat
What is high in kcal due to skin content and deep frying?
Chicken nuggets
USDA is _______ use of hormones for raising chickens.
not allowed
What is given to prevent disease?
Antibiotics
What period prevents residues left in food?
Withdrawal
What are Ionophores?
An antibiotic in chicken feed was used by Tyson.
Meat and poultry naturally contain what?
Moisture
What is another reason why meat and poultry retain moisture?
Post-evisceration processing
The absorption of water used for post-evisceration processing is called?
Retained water or absorbed water
What must be stated on the label of a carcass with absorbed/retained water?
The percentage:
“up to X% of retained water”
“With X% of absorbed water”
Marinated can only be used with specific ____ of solution.
amounts
“Marinated” meats can contain no more than ___% of solution
10
Boneless poultry, no more than __% of solution
8
Bone-in poultry, no more than __% of solution
3
What are 3 preparation safety tips?
1) Not recommended to wash prior to preparation
2) Thaw frozen poultry in the refrigerator in a pan
3) Prepare and cook stuffing separately
Why is it not recommended to wash poultry prior to preparation?
It increases the risk of cross-contamination
Why should you prepare and cook stuffing separately?
Stuffing may not reach a safe internal temp inside the bird
About 1/2 carry
Campylobacter
About 1/4 carry
Salmonella
What is the best way to determine the doneness of poultry?
A meat thermometer
What are the 3 stages of cured meat color?
Myoglobin, Nitrosomyoglobin, Nitrosohemochrome
What is an approved curing agent by the National Organic Standard Board?
Celery Powder
What are 3 other methods to determine doneness?
Color change, touch, time/weight charts
Before roasting poultry may be trussed or basted. True or False.
True
What is trussed?
The wings and legs are tied against the body to prevent overcooking before the breast is done.
What is basting?
The chicken or turkey periodically is based in its own juices to enhance flavor
____ and ___ are so high in fat that they do not require basting.
Duck and geese
What are 3 examples of dry heat preparations?
Roasting, broiling/grilling, and frying
What are examples of moist heat preparations?
Braising, stewing, and poaching
What method is recommended for older tougher birds?
Moist heat
Why can’t dark meat be stored as long as white meat?
Dark meat is high in myoglobin and fat. Iron acts as a metal catalyst and speeds up liquid oxidation
Poultry can be refrigerated for how many days?
3
How long can you store poultry in the freezer?
Several months
