Food Chemistry Flashcards
What are the 6 elements that living things are primarily made of?
C, H, O, N, S, P
The elements combine to form what compounds:
Carbs, proteins, water, minerals, lipids, vitamins
What is the most important nutrient?
Water
The human body is _____% water.
60-70%
What foods have the most water?
Fruit and vegetables
What has the ability to?
Form hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds are non-covalent. True or False
True
One water molecule can form up to ___ H-bonds
4
Water forms H-bonds with other _____ components in food
polar
What is the specific heat of water?
4.186 joule/gram
What is high latent heat?
The amount of energy released or absorbed for a substance to undergo a phase change.
What increases kinetic energy?
Increasing temperature
Higher elevations= lower pressure
True
BP drops 1 degree for every 500 ft increase
True
What are true solutions?
Solutes completely dissolve and will not precipitate. Examples: Carbonated water and alcoholic beverages
What are Colloids?
Particles are too large to truly dissolve
Example: Milk, butter
What are suspensions?
Very unstable, particles will eventually settle out
Examples: Oil and vinegar dressing
What is bound water?
Bound water is incorporated into the chemical structure of other food components
What are the functions of water in food?
Heat transfer medium, solvent, and a medium
What are carbs?
Sugars, starches, and fibers of food
What is the primary source of carbs?
Plants
Monosaccharide
1
Disaccharide
2
Oligosaccharides
3-10
Polysaccharides
More than 10
What breaks down sucrose?
Sucrase
What breaks down maltose
Maltase
What breaks down lactose?
Lactase
What are two types of starches in plants?
Amlyopectin and amylose
What is starch in animals?
Glycogen
Examples of Hexoses
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose
Examples of Pentoses
Ribose and Arabinose
Is fiber digestible?
No
What makes up sucrose?
glucose and fructose
What makes up lactose?
glucose and galactose
What makes up maltose?
glucose and glucose
Example of sucrose
Table sugar
Example of lactose
Milk sugar
Example of maltose
Malt sugar
Where do you find raffinose and stachyose?
Beans
What is amylose?
A straight-chain
What is amylopectin?
A branched-chain
Where is dietary fiber fermented?
The colon
What are common fibers?
Cellulose
What are vegetable gums?
Thickeners/ gelling agents
What do stabilizers do?
Control crystal growth
What do emulsifiers do?
Prevent dispersed ingredients from separating
What happens to glycogen during slaughtering?
Lactic acid
Fats are what a room-temperature?
Solids
Oils are what are room-temperature?
Liquids
Where are fats usually derived?
Animals
Where are oils usually derived?
Plants
What are the three types of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
Do saturated fatty acids have double bonds?
No
What affects melting temperature?
Degree of unsaturation
Unsaturated fats are typically what at room temperature.
Liquids
Saturated fats are typically what at room temperature
Solids
What do proteins contain?
Nitrogen
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What is an example of complete protein?
Animal proteins
What is an example of an incomplete protein?
Plant proteins
An example of complementary proteins
Rice and Beans
What is important in meat tenderization, cheese production, browning, and beer production?
Enzymatic rxns
Do micronutrients provide energy?
No
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
K,A,E,D
What are water-soluble vitamins?
C and B complex
What is it called when you add nutrients that are not originally present in the food?
Fortified
What is it called when you add nutrients back to the food after they are lost in processing?
Enriched
