POTASSIUM

Question 1

KALIUM

Answer 1

POTASSIUM

Question 2

Major INTRACELLULAR CATION
Responsible for the regulation of neuromuscular excitability and contraction of heart, Intracellular Fluid volume, and H+ concentration

Answer 2

POTASSIUM

Question 3

T/F. Potassium can buffer excess H+ ions in the plasma to maintain pH

Answer 3

True

Question 4

potassium will move out of the cell to allow excess H ions to enter the cell (with sodium) so that pH and concentration of plasma will increase

Answer 4

Increased H+

Question 5

↑K+ could cause ↑ cell excitability and this could lead to

Answer 5

muscle weakness

Question 6

↓K+ could cause ↓ cell excitability and this could lead to

Answer 6

arrhythmia or paralysis

Question 7

T/F. LOW POTASSIUM LEVEL is maintained as the effect of ↑/↓ levels is severe

Answer 7

False, NORMAL POTASSIUM LEVEL

Question 8

inversely proportional to cell excitability and K+

Answer 8

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

Question 9

cause ↑K+ excretion for the reabsorption of Na+

Answer 9

Aldosterone

Question 10

Regulates the Na and K concentration in and out of the cell for ELECTRONEUTRALITY

Answer 10

Na+, K+ - ATPase Pump

Question 11

Decreased Function, Decreased cellular entry → seen in

Answer 11

hypoxia, digoxin overdose, hypomagnesemia, propranolol (β-blocker)

Question 12

Increased Function, Increased cellular entry → caused by

Answer 12

insulin, epinephrine

Question 13

Decreased Cellular entry cause

Answer 13

HYPERKALEMIA

Question 14

Increased cellular entry will cause

Answer 14

HYPOKALEMIA

Question 15

T/F. Na+, K+ - ATPase Pump, INCREASED with exercise, hyperosmolality (DM), and cellular breakdown

Answer 15

True

Question 16

T/F. In Phlebotomy: arm exercise, excessive fist quenching, prolonged tourniquet application may release potassium from muscle, causing false elevation in the plasma.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Reference values of Potassium

Answer 17

3.5-5.2 mmol/L

Question 18

Threshold critical values of Potassium:
critical value for HYPERKALEMIA

Answer 18

≥ 6.5 mmol/L

Question 19

Threshold critical values of Potassium:
critical value for HYPOKALEMIA

Answer 19

≤ 2.5 mmol/L

Question 20

CAUSES OF HYPOKALEMIA/HYPOPOTASSEMIA

Answer 20

GI loss
Renal loss
Cellular shift (↑ Potassium uptake)
Decreased Intake

Question 21

CAUSES OF GI loss

Answer 21

Vomiting, diarrhea
Gastric suction
Intestinal tumor, malabsorption
Cancer therapy, laxatives

Question 22

CAUSES OF Renal loss

Answer 22

Diuretics, nephritis, CHF
RTA (↓H+, ↑K+ excretion)
Cushing syn. (↑Na, ↓K reabs.)
Hyperaldosteronism
Hypomagnesemia (↑aldosterone)

Question 23

CAUSES OF Cellular shift (↑ Potassium uptake)

Answer 23

Alkalosis (plasma)
Insulin overdose

Question 24

CAUSES OF HYPERKALEMIA/HYPERPOTASSEMIA

Answer 24

Decreased renal excretion
Cellular shift
Increased Intake
Artifactual

Question 25

CAUSES OF Decreased renal excretion

Answer 25

Renal failure Hypoaldosteronism (↓Na) Addison’s Disease (↓Na reabsorption, ↑K reabsorption)

Question 26

CAUSES OF Cellular shift

Answer 26

Acidosis (plasma will ↓H+, ↑K) Muscle/cellular injury Chemotherapy/leukemia Hemolysis (markedly elevated)

Question 27

CAUSES OF Increased Intake

Answer 27

Oral/Intravenous K+ replacement therapy

Question 28

CAUSES OF Artifactual

Answer 28

Hemolysis, Thrombocytosis Prolonged tourniquet

Question 29

↑ H+ in plasma should be decreased. H+ will enter the cell, in return, K+ will go out of the cell (cellular shift)

Answer 29

Acidosis

Question 30

What are the tube and specimen needed for Specimen Collection of Potassium?

Answer 30

Serum, Plasma (Heparin), 24-hour urine

Question 31

T/F. False ↑ with hemolysis

Answer 31

True

Question 32

T/F. In FES, the color of potassium after excitation is purple/violet

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Not commonly performed in potassium

Answer 33

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Question 34

REFERENCE METHOD for potassium

Answer 34

ISE

Question 35

T/F. In ISE, Uses for Valinomycin membrane for potassium because this antibiotic has a low affinity to the potassium ions (↑specificity)

Answer 35

False, high affinity to the potassium ions

Question 36

COLORIMETRIC METHOD for the determination of potassium

Answer 36

Chemical Method (Lockhead and Purcell)