Post World War II (1950 to present)

Question 1

How did the rationalisation of Association Football change the game in the 19th century?

Answer 1

• Urbanisation: large numbers of people living in one place gave a large captive audience
• More free time: less time working in the factories
• Improved transport: fans were able to travel
• Increased professionalism: play professionaly via broken time payments.
• Social class links: middle class influence and approval gave football more respectability
• Increased orgaisation: highly structured, rules, leagues, teams and refs.

Question 2

What was sport like in the 20th century?

Answer 2

• In the first half, sport alongside the radio and cinema became part of a commercialised mass entertainment industry.
• BBC began its live coverage of sport in 1927.
• Football became Britain’s major sporting activity.
• In the 1900 the maximum wage was £4 a week.
• Key time period for pro footballers was during the mid 20th century when maximum wage was abolished as a result of a strike from the PFA.
• Late 20/21 century football: massive increase in commercialisation, more media, TV and internet coverage.
• Salaries have increased with the Bosman ruling giving players freedom of contract.
• Transport has continued to develop.
• Technology has developed.

Question 3

Define Bosman Ruling.

Answer 3

A reference to a European court ruling that obliges pro football and other sports clubs to allow players over the age of 25 to move freely between clubs once their contracts have expired.

Question 4

Identiy some of the equal opportunities that women and men have in sports.

Answer 4

• More sports are generally available and socially acceptable.
• Sex Discrimination Act has been passed, leading to less sexual discrimination in sport on the basis of gender.
• The War effort from women also led to the breaking down of myths and stereotypes about the physical capabilities of women.

Question 5

How have UEFA helped to grow and develop women’s football?

Answer 5

• As the 21st century progressed, women’s football haws become increasingly prominent across the world.
• UEFA have set up competitions such as the Women’s EURO and the UEFA Champions League.
• Statistics for the growth of women’s football by UEFA for the 2014/15 season are:
  …total number of registered female players: 1,208,550.
  …total number of European countries with a women’s national football league: 51.

Question 6

Why are more women participating in sport?

Answer 6

• Increased media coverage - BT sport provides live coverage of Women’s Super League.
• More feamle role models - as performers, coaches and officials.
• More provision via school PE programmes - National Curriuculum PE lessons as well as via extra curricular opportunities.
• Increased appproval/encouragement via the FA - the women’s national team are supported by the FA (FA cup final was held at Wembley for the fist time in 2015).
• More clubs are forming - local and pro levels.
• Increased participation - grass roots + elite level
• More free time - traditional domestic responsibility role as decreased.

Question 7

Key Facts on elite female officials in football…

Answer 7

• At the end of the 20th century, a very limited number of female officials were progressing through the football league.
• Wendy Toms was the first official in the football league and then the Premier League.
• Development opportunities for female refs in England have progressed in more recent years.

Question 8

How was Real Tennis rationalised and developed into the modern-day game of Lawn Tennis?

Answer 8

• Was a MC invention as they aspired to be like the UC but were excluded from real tennis.
• Major Walter Clopton Wingfield painted his game of tennis on 23rd Feb 1874.
• This suited the MC suburban housin with lawn gardens as appropriate venues for tennis courts.
• MC established private tennis courts where garden were ‘unsuitable’ to house a tennis court.
• First introdcued at Wimbledon 1877.
• Female participation was first allowed in 1884 helping to overcome supression and negative stereotypes.
• Positive female role models inspired participation - e.g., Lottie Dodd won 5 ladies single titles in the late 19th century.

Question 9

Define lawn tennis.

Answer 9

Orignally called ‘sphairistike’ and played on an hourglass shaped court before it’s name and court shape were quickly replaced.

Question 10

What are the characterisitics of lawn tennis?

Answer 10

• Use of specialist equipment: included net, balls, racquets and poles for the net (cost £1.05).
• Played by the MC: suburban gardens on lawn big enough to house a tennis court.
• MC invention: affotdable alternative to real tennis.
• Organised by the MC: had expericne to set up private clubs.
• Eventually spread to LC via public parks.
• Played by males and females: tennis allowed social and gender mixing.
• Standardised rules.

Question 11

Elite female tennis players…

Answer 11

• WTA (women’s tennis association) illustrates how tennis can be viewed as one of a few sports in which female professional performers played a significant part.
• WTA and a number of women decided to create their own tour away from the men’s in a pay dispute - developed in the late 20th century.
• Provided groundbreaking opportunities for women to play at the top level, earning millions of pounds through tournament earnings and sponsorship deals.
• grew to worldwide sponsorship deals and media coverage in the 21st century.

Question 12

Define open era.

Answer 12

When professional tennis players were allowed to complete alongside amateurs.

Question 13

How was athletics rationalised and developed into track and field athletics?

Answer 13

• Industrialisation of society led to rural fairs as people migrated in alrge numbers to towns and cities.
• Athletics became popular in such towns and cities, with purpose built tracks and facilities in the mid 19th century.
• Walking and running races took place over set distances and on race sourses.
• Lots of people started spectating and wagering on atheltics events.
• UC/MC would run for enjoyment as the sport was rationalised (amateur sport).
• LC ran for money and were deemed professionals.
• In 1866 The Amateur Athletics Club (AAC) was formed by public schools/ex uni’s.
• They with drew the exclusion clause and opened the sport to everyone. A professional became somebody who ran for money as opposed to someone from a WC.

Question 14

Elite female athletes…

Answer 14

• Treatment of women in athletics remained ‘indifferent’ at best through to the late 20th century.
• Track and field athletics was not deemed to be accpetable for women as it was un lady like and unable to follow the strict dress code.
• Women are still excluded from a number of events in the Olympics.
• The marathon was not open for women until Los Angeles 1984.
• The triple jump and the hammer were only open to women in 1996 and Sydney 2000.
• Women’s capabilities are still being challenged and now women earn millions alongside male athletes at the Diamond League.

Question 15

What does the Golden triangle consist of?

Answer 15

• Business
• Sport
• Media

Question 16

How do all the aspects of the golden triangle link to eachother?

Answer 16

• Sport the media, business and sponsorship are all strongly inter-linked and mutually dependent.
• Each element of the triangle relies on the others.
• For example: without media coverage, sports are less attractive to sponsors who want their business or product to be publicised to as many people as possible.
• The medisa uses sport to gain viewers, listeners and readers.
• In turn, the business and sponsors use the media to advertise their proucts or services: organisations osten pay substantial sums to sport and the media for advertisements.

Question 17

Define commercialisation.

Answer 17

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity.

Question 18

Define sponsorship.

Answer 18

When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods.

Question 19

Define merchandising.

Answer 19

The practice in which the brand or image from one ‘product’ is used to sell another.

Question 20

What are the characteristics of commercialisation on sport?

Answer 20

• Professional sport: high quality, high skill level.
• Sponsorship and business: they go hand in hand.
• Athletes as commodities: assets to companies through pruduct endorsement which bring increased sales.
• Contracts: involving sales of merchandise and bidding for TV rights.
• Entertainment: watching sport is part of a mass entertainment industry.
• Wide media coverage: high profile sport, well matched competition.

Question 21

What are the effects of commercialisation on professional performers?

Answer 21

• Receive high incomes for sports participation and commercial activities. Gives financial security and allows full-time training and competition.
• Requires serious training, dedication and self-sacrifice.
• They become effectively entertaining.
• Successful results = pay rise
• Under pressure to perform when injured.
• Controlled by the sponsore, become public commodities snd suffer from a lack of privacy.

Question 22

What are the effects of commercialisation on sport?

Answer 22

• Rules and regulations have been changed to speed up the action and prevent spectator boredom.
• Breaks are provided in play so that sponsors can advertise their products/services.
• Competition formats have changed.
• The increase in technology gives the spectator a more personal experience.
• Sports played by women receieve less coverage: can have a negative effect on participation.

Question 23

What are the reasons why companies invest large amounts of money into sport?

Answer 23

• Increased sales/profit and publicity.
• Creates an association with excellence at the highest levels of sport.
• Increases brand awareness.
• Improves company morale.
• Creates an association with the healthy image of sport.
• Spnosorships can decrease the amount of tax paid by a company.
• Gives an opportunity to link to corporate hospitality.

Question 24

What impact has globalisation had on sport?

Answer 24

• Increased pressure on athletes to perform their best: may lead to use of illegal substances to maintain performance levels.
• The spreading of different sports to new nations.
• The players are recruited to play for teams in other countries.

Question 25

Define gloabalisation.

Answer 25

• The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvements in communication and travel.

Question 26

What impact has social media had on sport?

Answer 26

• Players and fans can communicate.
• Provides info regarding sports.
• Athletics use it to share info and promote their clubs.
• Players use social media to promote themselves.
• Promote teams achievements.
• Some plauers/coaches have got into trouvle for posting innappropriate comments = fines.
• Companies are being set up to provide social media at a verity of levels.

Question 27

How does the Pre 19th century amateur differ from the Post 19th century amateur?

Answer 27

Status – 19th century high status, modern day – low status

Money – 19th century sufficient income, not paid. Now – sponsorship and apprenticeship money

Class – 19th century middle, upper and gentlemen amateur. Now – any socioeconomic group.

Roles – 19th century controlled sport, selected teams, formed NGB’s

Mixing – 19th century, avoided playing against WC. Now – no divide

Level/quality of play/ability – best players, professionals specialised in one sport. Now – amateurs not as good can’t compete at the same level