Industrial and Post Industrial Britain Flashcards
What is the Industrial Revolution?
It was a key period in British histroy which witnessed massive changes in the way people lived their lives.
E.g., it led to overcrowding as more people were living in towns and cities and there were people working in factories.
What is rational recreation?
In the 19th century, these wer sports and pastimes for the lower class which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
What were the negative effects of rationalised sports during the first half of the 19th century?
- Lack of leisure time: less time, sabbath was followed so Sunday was a day of rest.
- Migration of the lower classes into the cities: less space for recreational pastimes.
- Lack of income: couldnt afford to pay for leisure pursuits.
- Lack of public provisions: no facilities or equipment for the lower class.
- Poor health: Lack of hygiene and ability to play sport due to illness, meant they had low energy to play sport.
- Loss of rights, changes in criminal laws: restricted mob games and blood sports due to criminal activity
What does HITFOR stand for?
H - poor HEALTH and HYGIENE
I - lack of INCOME
T - lack of TIME
F - FACILITY provision was lacking
O - OVERCROWDING and lack of space
R - loss of RIGHTS
What were the improvements made in the 2nd half (1850 - 1900)?
- Improved health
- Ex-public schoolboys
- Three tiers society
- Increase in wages and time for sport
- Improved communication
- Values and athleticism
What were the positive effects of the improvements made in the 2nd half of the 19th century?
- Health and hygiene - local council provision of public baths to improve cleanliness and help stop spead disease, enabling more energy and willingness to participate in sport.
- Gradual increase in wages and more time for sport - due to ‘The Factory Act’ and Saturday half days being provided to the workers.
- Developmemt of the middle class - self made men who took advantage if new business opportunities.
: more respectful
: higher moral code
: stricts rules/leagues
: developed competitions
: provided facilities/loscal parks
: more time off work - Influence of ex public schoolboys - via industry, church helped to promote sport.
- Values of athleticism - physical endeavor with moral integrity spread to the lower class.
- Industrial patronage - led to provisions for recreation and sport - factory teams were set up, sporting facilities were provided and excersions to the seaside were organised.
- Improvements in transport and communications
: roads/steam trains
: lesgues established
: fixtures andnresults published - Cheaper to travel - participation and spectating is accessible.
What were The Wenlock Olympian Games?
- In 1850, the Wenlock Agricultural Readnig Society (WARS) resolved to form a class called the Olympian class, whihc was set up to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements, especially in the lower-class people of Wenlock.
- Participation in outdoor recreations challenges was an important means of promoting such improvement, with prizes offered for successful participants taking part.
- There was a mixture of athletics and traditional country sports including football, cricket, running and hurdles.
- Rules were written and they drew athletes from all over the country. In the early games, there was also fun events, blindfolded wheelbarrow race and an “Old woman’s race”, with a pound of tea for the winter.
- Pageantry and celebrations were important - for example, a band led marches of flag bearers and Olympian hymns were sung, a crwon of laurel leaves was places on the head of the winner.
Who was Dr William Penny Brookes and what did he do?
- The founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850.
- He campaigned for physical eduaction to be on the school curriculum and promoted the benefits of sport and exercise nationally.
Who was Baron Pierre de Cobertin?
- He visited the Olympian society in 1890 which held a special festival in his honour.
- He and Dr Brookes went on to establish the International Olympian Committee (IOC) and reform the model Olympic games in Athens (!896)
What is urbanisation?
Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.
What was the impact that urbanisation had in the development of sport?
- Lack of work space - in cities space was at a premium. Led to the development of purpose built facilities (football grounds).
- Large working class population - needed entertaining resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches for the first time.
- Change in working conditions - intially the WC had limited free time, income and energy to devote to sports. Attendance and participation increased as the situation improved.
- Loss of traditional sports - many traditional WC sports such as mob games were banned in a civilised urban society, so there was a need for new sports to emerge.
How did transport help to develop sports?
- Steam trains and railways increased spectators and participation and spread interest in sport.
- Faster trains enabled people to travel further and more easily, giving more time for sports.
- Spectators could follow their teams to away matches and regular national fixtures. Leagues/cup competitions developed, creating unified rules.
- Field sports, climbing and walking all became more accessible via improved access to the countryside.
- Employers often sponsored excursions to the seaside and countryside.
How did the railway develop sports?
1 - Movement of teams/spectators - nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis.
2 - Improved access to different parts of the country - leagues were formed, involving clubs from across the country.
3 - Cheaper train travel - WC followed their teams home and away.
4 - Improved access to the countryside - activities in rural areas were reachable/affordable.
How did the church influence sport?
- Church provided facilities such as halls.
- Encouraged civilised behaviour - the shift in behaviour from popular recreation to rational recreation (i.e. not drinking/gambling).
- The church organised sports teams.
What is muscular chistianity and how did it help to improve sports?
- Muscular christianity is a ‘manly’ or masculine practice of christianity that emphasises health, fitness and morality as well as committement to Christ.
- Used in sport (especially association football) to get more people to church.
- YMCA - CUBS developed through church
Identify one modern football club that have their origins traceable to the church.
Aston Villa - originated from Villa Cross Methodist Church.
How did the emergence of the middle class impact sport?
Codification - development of strict rules as public school/university boys played a key role in the formation of many NGB’s.
Competition - development of leagues/competitions via middle class in public schools/universities/clubs/NGB’s/factories/church teams.
Increase leaisure time - workers were given more time off by the middle classes to participate in sport.
Move to professionalism - the middle classes helped in the development of of early commercial/professional sport by setting up teams.
Public provisions - the development of facilities through the middle class philanthropists.
