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COMPANA > Post-cranial Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Post-cranial Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

The primitive axial skeleton, replaced by the vertebral column

Unsegmented and composed of dense fibrous connective tissue

The first skeletal element to appear in the embryo of chordates

A

Notochord

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2
Q

Keystone of the vertebrate skeleton

Segmented, more or less flexible, arched rod flanked by axial musculature

A

Vertebral Column

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3
Q

Vertebral Column function

A

Suspends the trunk
Protects the spinal cord
Suspend the trunk

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4
Q

Principal part of the vertebra which lies just below the spinal cord where it surrounds, restricts or replaces the notochord

May consist of one or two elements

A

Centrum

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5
Q

In many extinct amphibians and few amniotes with two centra, the more cranial is called an

A

intercentrum

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6
Q

In many extinct amphibians and few amniotes with two centra the more caudal is called a

A

pleurocentrum

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7
Q

Some extinct ________ only have the intercentrum while ________only have the pleurocentrum

A

amphibians
amniotes

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8
Q

Types of Vertebra Based on Centra
no centra

A

Aspondyly

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9
Q

Types of Vertebra Based on Centra
with only 1 centrum per segment

A

Monospondyly

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10
Q

Types of Vertebra Based on Centra
the single centrum (intercentrum) is separate

A

Stereospondyly

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11
Q

Types of Vertebra Based on Centra
with two centra per segment

A

Diplospondyly

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12
Q

Types of Vertebra Based on Centra
the approximate equal-sized centra are separate

A

Embolomerous

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13
Q

Types of Vertebra Based on Centra
with five to size centra per segment

A

Polyspondyly

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14
Q

Types of Vertebra Based on Centra
centra and spines are separate

A

Aspidospondyly

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15
Q

Types of Vertebra Based on Centra
with numerous separate parts that constitute each segment

A

Rachitimous

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16
Q

Types of Vertebra Based on Centra
centra and spines are fused into a single bone

A

Holospondyly

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17
Q

Types of Vertebra Based on Centra
with husk-shaped centrum usually pierced by a notochordal canal

A

Lepospondyly

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18
Q

Types of Centra Based on Shape
concave at both ends
Limited motion is permitted in any direction
Characteristic of most fishes, some salamanders and caecilians

A

Amphicoelus

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19
Q

Types of Centra Based on Shape
convex in front and concave in back
Permit motion in any direction
Characteristic of most salamanders and chelonians

A

Opisthocoelus

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20
Q

Types of Centra Based on Shape
concave in front and convex in back
Permit motion in any direction
Characteristic of anurans and modern reptiles

A

Procoelus

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21
Q

Types of Centra Based on Shape
flat ended
Can withstand compression and limit motion
Characteristic of mammals

A

Acoelus/amphiplatyan

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22
Q

Types of Centra Based on Shape
saddle-shaped Allow vertical and lateral flexion but prevent rotation around the axis of the spine
Characteristic of birds

A

Heterocoelus

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23
Q

arches
this and the interconnecting ligaments enclose a long vertebral canal which is occupied by the spinal cord

A

Neural arches

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24
Q

arches
are inverted beneath the centra of tail and houses the caudal vessels

A

Hemal arches

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25
Q

Processes or Apophyses
are the most common articulating with the ribs and serves as attachment for muscles

A

Diapophyses (transverse processes)

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26
Q

Processes or Apophyses
can be prezygapophyses or postzygapophyses

A

Zygapophyses

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27
Q

Processes or Apophyses
are lateral projections from the centra of a few tetrapods and serve as articulation site for bicipital rib

A

Parapophyses

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28
Q

Processes or Apophyses
are prominent midventral projections from the centra of snakes and few other amniotes

A

Hypapophyses

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29
Q

Processes or Apophyses
are paired ventrolateral processes which are remnants of the hemal arch bases that may receive articulation with ventral ribs

A

Basopophyses

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30
Q

Processes or Apophyses
are transverse processes fused with remnants of ribs in the cervical and lumbar regions

A

Pleurapophyses

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31
Q

Mesenchymal cells from sclerotomes surround the notochord and neural tube and produce the _______ for future vertebra

A

blastema

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32
Q

________ deposit a cartilaginous central and neural or hemal arch

A

Chondroblasts

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33
Q

Membrane bone is deposited in teleosts, urodeles and apodans but arches arise from _________

A

cartilage

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34
Q

Cartilage is generally replaced by bone except in _________

A

chondrichthyans

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35
Q

is formed by deposition of cartilage in the sheath and notochord itself in many fishes, urodeles and apodans

A

Chordal cartilage

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36
Q

orders that consist of perichordal membrane bone, chordal cartilage and unaltered notochordal tissue

A

Urodeles and apodans

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37
Q

order that has a replacement bone deposited in a perichordal blastema and the notochord disappears

A

Anurans

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38
Q

Centra is formed by ___________ from the caudal half of one somite and the cranial half of the succeeding one and establishing a perichordal blastema around the notochord

A

scleroblasts

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39
Q

___________ are typically intersegmental and myomeres are segmental

A

Centra

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40
Q

is a condition in which there are 2 centra per segment located in the tail and is characteristic of some fishes
Increased flexibility for locomotion

A

Diplospondyly

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41
Q

fish exhibits only two major morphologic regions:

A

Trunk (dorsals)
Tail (caudals)

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42
Q

animals that have
Notochord is prominent

Only skeletal elements are lateral neural cartilages
Limited to the tail region in hagfishes

Caudally, they fuse to form a single longitudinally dorsolateral cartilaginous plate perforated by foramina for spinal nerves
Some scientists consider them as fused fin support

A

Agnathans

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43
Q

animals that have
Notochord is present throughout the length of the adult vertebral column and is constricted within each centrum

Centra is composed of chordal and perichordal cartilage and is amphicoelus

Vertebral canal consists of paired dorsal plates, paired dorsal intercalary plates and supradorsal cartilages in other species

Neural arches and intercalary plates are perforated by foramina for the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves and blood vessels

Hemal arches consist of ventral plates
Ventral intercalary plates are common

Fibroelastic ligament overlies and connects the neural spines along the entire length of the vertebral column

A

Chondrichthyans

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44
Q

animals that have
Consisted of calcified rings of cartilages that had been deposited in the notochord sheath

Rings were more numerous than the body segments

A

Extinct Holocephalan

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45
Q

animals that have
Well-ossified amphicoelus vertebrae

Centrum is dumb-bell shaped vacuole where the notochord previously existed

Space between successive vertebrae is occupied by porous cartilage-like material

Centra and neural arches are interconnected by a complex system of collagenous and elastic ligaments

Neural spines are often very tall and are sometimes surmounted by supraneural bones

Variety of processes usually unique to fishes protrude from the arches and centra

A

Actinopterygians

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46
Q

animals that have
Dipnoans, chondrostei and coelocanth develop no centra

Notochord is present and unconstricted and its thick sheath contains little cartilage or bone

Basidorsal, basiventral, interdorsal and intervertebral cartilages are associated with the notochord

Dipnoans, chondrostei and coelocanth develop no centra

Notochord is present and unconstricted and its thick sheath contains little cartilage or bone

Basidorsal, basiventral, interdorsal and intervertebral cartilages are associated with the notochord

A

Sarcopterygians

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47
Q

animals that have

Have two centra and two sets of neural and hemal arches in each metamere of the tail

Diplospondylous condition in which the centra is double the number of myomeres and spinal nerves

A

Elasmobranchs and Other Bony Fishes

48
Q

Rhipidistian and early labyrinthodonts consisted of several bones per segment

median, U-shaped anterior bone that cradled the notochord

A

Hypocentrum

49
Q

Rhipidistian and early labyrinthodonts consisted of several bones per segment

small wedges of bone overlying the notochord dorsolaterally

A

Pleurocentra

50
Q

Rhipidistian and early labyrinthodonts consisted of several bones per segment

Left and right laminae of bone lateral to the spinal cord the collectively provides a ______

A

neural arch

51
Q

Rhipidistian and early labyrinthodonts consisted of several bones per segment

Notochord is _________ throughout the body but is constricted at the level of the hypocentrum

A

continuous

52
Q

Evolution of Tetrapod Vertebrae
large intercentrum and a small pleurocentra

A

Rhachitomi

53
Q

Evolution of Tetrapod Vertebrae
retained only the intercentrum

A

Stereospondyli

54
Q

Evolution of Tetrapod Vertebrae
increased the size of the pleurocentrum to the size of the intercentrum

A

Embolomeri

55
Q

Evolution of Tetrapod Vertebrae
enlarged pleurocentrum to near or complete exclusion of intercentrum

A

Amniotes

56
Q

Tetrapod vertebrae except urodeles and apodans appear to be modifications of ______________
Increased size of pleurocentrum and decreased size of hypocentra

A

rachitimous vertebrae

57
Q

Evolution of Tetrapod Vertebrae
Modern adult tetrapod vertebra is a composite structure
Centrum begins ossification at several paired and median loci in the ____________

A

perichondral blastema

58
Q

Development of mobile joint between the first vertebra and the skull
Shortening or eliminating ribs of more cranial vertebrae
Increasing mobility of intervertebral joints

A

Cervical vertebra

59
Q

Presence of long ribs in the anterior portion of the trunk

A

Thoracic vertebra

60
Q

Immediately after the thoracic
Supports the abdominal cavity

A

Lumbar vertebra

61
Q

Supports the stress transmitted to the pelvic girdle

A

Sacral vertebra

62
Q

Tail vertebra

A

Caudal vertebra

63
Q

class that have:
Single cervical vertebra

Lacks processes and bears facets for articulation with the occipital condyles

Permits limited rocking of the skull not available in fishes

A

Amphibians

64
Q

Cervical Vertebra of Amniotes

Ringlike because its centrum is missing
Has facets for articulation with the occipital condyles
Centrum became the odontoid process of the axis - held in place by transverse atlantal ligament
Reduction or absence of zygapophyses on results to rocking of the skull and atlas
Sphenodon chondrifies and unites with axis just before hatching

A

Atlas

65
Q

Cervical Vertebra of Amniotes

Resembles a neural arch and is derived from a pair of bilateral cartilaginous blastemas
Found in crocodilians, Sphenodon and insectivorous spiny hedgehogs
Some modern lizards have a fibrous membrane instead of a bone

A

Proatlas

66
Q

Cervical Vertebra of ________

Ball-and-socket joints allows the entire head and neck to be completely retracted in the shell

Have only 8 cervical vertebrae

A

Turtles

67
Q

Cervical Vertebra of ________

Exceptional flexibility due to the configuration of the vertebra (heterocoelus)
Right-left convexity
Dorsoventral concavity

Increased number of cervical vertebra
Commonly 12

A

Birds

68
Q

swans number of Cervical Vertebra

A

25

69
Q

Cervical Vertebra of __________
Almost always have 7 cervical vertebrae

Length of centra and not the number determines the length in mammals

A

Mammals

70
Q

Three edentates (two sloths and the great anteater) number of Cervical Vertebra
Manatees number of Cervical Vertebra

A

Three edentates (two sloths and the great anteater) - 6, 8 or 9
Manatees - 6

71
Q

animals with Sacral Vertebrae that are stout transverse process strong enough to bear the thrust of the pelvic girdles

A

Bears

72
Q

class with 1 Sacral Vertebrae

A

Amphibians

73
Q

classes with 2 Sacral Vertebrae

A

Living reptiles including most birds and opossums have 2

74
Q

class with 3 to 5 Sacral Vertebrae

A

Most mammals have 3 to 5 (ankylosed)

75
Q

Perissodactyls number of Cervical Vertebra
Edentates number of Cervical Vertebra

A

Perissodactyls can have up to 8
Edentates can have up to 13

76
Q

Fusion of the last thoracic, all lumbars and sacral and the first few caudals with the pelvic girdle
Provides rigid brace for the teeter-totterlike stance of birds
Little flexibility in the avian backbone caudal to the neck

A

Synsacrum

77
Q

___________ have a synsacrum of up to 13 fused sacrals and caudals

A

Armadillos

78
Q

Early tetrapods usually numbered 50 or more

Reduced and dictates how the tail is used in modern mammals

Processes and arches become progressively shorter and rudimentary towards the end until such that the last segment is a small cylindrical centra

A

Caudal Vertebrae

79
Q

Found in anurans that develops from continuous elongated perichordal cartilage at the base of the tail

Composed of post-sacral vertebrae

A

Urostyle

80
Q

Responsible for the regeneration of the tail of many lizards especially when caught

A

Autotomy

81
Q

Fusion of usually the last caudals which becomes the skeleton of the visible tail of birds

A

Pygostyle

82
Q

Rudimentary but with transverse processes and lack arches

Diminished in size and usually fused in apes and humans

Recurrent tailbone soreness in people who have had an earlier fall in their life

A

Coccyx

83
Q

Articulate with vertebrae and extend into the body wall

Formed intersegmentally by scleroblasts from two successive mesodermal somites like the centra

A

Ribs

84
Q

___________ ribs of some reptiles are not ribs but remnants of dermal exoskeleton

A

Abdominal ribs or gastralia

85
Q

Basal actinopterygians and some teleosts have ________ sets of ribs associated with each vertebra

A

two

86
Q

in fish (ribs)
pass laterad into the horizontal skeletogenous septum that separates the epaxial and hypaxial muscles

A

Dorsal ribs

87
Q

in fish (ribs)
develop in myosepta and arch ventrad in the lateral body wall just external to the parietal peritoneum
Approach one another to form hemal arches commencing at the vent

A

Ventral ribs

88
Q

Some fishes have only __________ (except perch) and some have only dorsal ribs (_________)

A

ventral ribs
sharks

88
Q

animals that
Ribs were associated with vertebrae from the atlas to nearly the base of the tail in early tetrapods

Became restricted in number and the short ones ankylosing

Longs ribs of the anterior thoracic region acquired anchorage (sternum)

Occupy the same position as of the ventral ribs of fishes and they encircle the coelomic cavity

They are however not homologous
Ribs of tetrapods are homologous with the dorsal ribs of fishes

Most ribs are bicipital having a dorsal tuberculum (transverse process) and a ventral capitulum (hypocentrum)

A

Tetrapods

88
Q

Articulation of capitulum varies in different modern tetrapods:

A

Two adjacent demifacets (half-facets)
Parapophysis if present
Facet on a single centrum

89
Q

Other _________ have the tuberculum reduced in size of others have fusion of tuberculum and capitulum (crocodilians) and tuberculum remaining

A

tetrapods

89
Q

Tetrapods
Thoracic ribs have two parts:
__________ribs are those that adjacent to the vertebrae and ___________ ribs are more ventral and articulates with the sternum

A

costal
sternal

89
Q

Tetrapods
Sternal ribs may remain cartilaginous (humans) and are called

A

costal cartilages

90
Q

animals that
Very short in anurans and urodeles

Ankylosed to transverse process in anurans

Ribs of the burrow-dwelling apodans are long

Only the ribs of anurans are not bicipital

A

Amphibians

91
Q

Nonavian Reptiles that
have long ribs on many of the trunk vertebrae and short ribs in most of the neck

A

Lizards and crocodilians

92
Q

Nonavian Reptiles that
have long ribs on many of the trunk vertebrae and short ribs in most of the neck

A

Sphenodon

93
Q

Nonavian Reptiles that
have ribs with every cervical vertebra
More specialized ________ usually lack them on the atlas and axis

A

Geckos

94
Q

Nonavian Reptiles
Half dozen or more of the posterior ribs are elongated
Can be rotated outward to elevate the patagium

A

Draco

95
Q

Nonavian Reptiles
Have no cervical ribs and trunk ribs are fused with costal plates
Sacral ribs are not fused with the carapace and are short with the expanded distal ends ankylosed to the ilium

A

Turtles

96
Q

Nonavian Reptiles
Long, curved ribs beginning at the second vertebra and continuing to the tail
No sternum for rib attachment but ventral ends of ribs have ligamentous connections with integumentary scutes
Long, curved ribs in cobras can be rotated outward causing a fold of loose skin to spread and is inflated with air from the lungs

A

Snakes

97
Q

animals that have
First two pairs or ribs articulate with the last two cervical vertebrae at the base of the neck in carinates that are generally movable and lack a sternal segment

Next 5 pairs are thoracic ribs that are thin, flat and broad and have uncinate processes in most

Caudal ribs are ankylosed to the synsacrum

A

Birds

98
Q

animals that have
Generally confined in the thorax

Ranges from 9 pairs (whales) to 24 pairs (sloths) with 12 being most common

If more than 10 ribs are present, all that remain are floating or are not connected with the sternum

Transverse foramen is created from the fusion of the transverse process and the centra

A

Mammals

99
Q

Only a tetrapod structure and predominantly found in amniotes and is of endochondral in origin

Presence, size and anatomical relationships are correlated with the extent to which the forelimbs are employed in locomotion

A

Sternum

100
Q

Sternum Functions:

A

Base against which the pectoral girdles and ribs are braced
Anatomical origin of ventral muscles of the forelimb

101
Q

the bone that is the Largest in animals that fly and is reduced or absent in tetrapods lacking forelimbs

A

Sternum

102
Q

the bone that Arises as paired mesenchymal bars that later unite and undergo chondrogenesis

A

Sternum

103
Q

Presternal and suprasternal blastemas also develop in many

A

mammals

104
Q

Presternal blastemas contribute to the formation of the _____ and ______

A

manubrium and suprasternal ossicles

105
Q

__________ Only well differentiated in anurans

A

sternum

106
Q

animals in amphibians that has more or less isolated nodules of cartilage associated with the linea alba caudal to the coracoid cartilages of the pectoral girdle
Sternal element is present in other salamanders at the same location

A

Necturus

107
Q

amphibians that have no trace of a sternum

A

Apodans

108
Q

Nonavian Reptiles
which are agile climbers and rubbers have a large shield-shaped sternum or cartilage or replacement bone

A

Lizards

109
Q

Nonavian Reptiles
have a simple cartilaginous plate attached to the procoracoid of the pectoral girdle continuing caudally in mineralized fibrous membrane incorporating the gastralia

A

Crocodilians

110
Q

Nonavian Reptiles
have no sternum

A

Turtles

111
Q

class that have Sterna that is powerful and used for flight
have developed an enormous keel or carina to which flight muscles are attached

A

Birds

112
Q

class that have
Composed of series of bony segments or sternebrae

Last sternebrae or the xiphisternum bears a cartilaginous or bony xiphoid process

A

Mammals

113
Q

type of mammals that
have short sternum, only a few ribs reaching it and individual sternebrae tend to fuse

A

Marine mammals

COMPANA (9 decks)

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