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COMPANA > An Introduction to the Skeleton > Flashcards

An Introduction to the Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

body system that shows broad outlines of vertebrate phylogeny (fossil record)

A

Skeleton

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2
Q

Skeletal framework of vertebrates purpose

A
  • Shape
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Muscle attachment for locomotion
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3
Q

Type of skeleton
Primitive trait
Teeth and membrane bones of skull among higher chordates are dermal

A

Exoskeleton (dermal skeleton)

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4
Q

Type of skeleton
Distinguishing characteristic of chordates
Appears much earlier in ontogeny in organisms that have both exo- and endoskeletons

A

Endoskeleton

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5
Q

components of mainly mineralized connective tissue deposited in collagen (matrix)

A

Bone
Cartilage
Enameloids
Dentin

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6
Q

connects bones to bones and holds them in place

A

Ligaments

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7
Q

connects muscles to bones

A

Tendons

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8
Q

Formation of Mineralized Structures

A

mesenchyme turns into Fibroblast, Scleroblast, Myoblast

Fibroblast turns into collagen
Myoblast turns into Muscle
Cells

Scleroblast turns into Osteoblast (bone), Chondroblast (Cartilage), Odontoblast (Dentin), Ameloblast (Enamel)

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9
Q

Steps in Formation of Skeletal Tissues

A

Fibroblasts -> Fibrils -> Collagen Fibers -> Collagen Bundles -> Dense Connective Tissue -> Deposition of Minerals

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10
Q

Embryonic skeleton of higher vertebrates (temporary) and main skeleton of lower vertebrates (permanent)

Usually replaced by bone in higher vertebrates

Specialized (avascular) connective tissue of chondrocytes dispersed in spaces (lacunae) in a matrix

No canaliculi and no blood vessels of its own

A

Cartilage

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11
Q

cartilage matrix

A

chondromucin

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12
Q

Cartilage are surrounded by the __________ which is a dense connective tissue

A

perichondrium

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13
Q

Cartilage are Generally mesodermal (mesenchyme) in origin except for what regions

A

head and gill region (from neural crest cells)

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14
Q

Steps in Formation of Cartilage

A

Chondroblast -> mucopolysaccharides in matrix -> formation of perichondrium -> addition of cartilage from perichondrium, fibroblasts and chondroblasts -> transformation to become chondrocytes

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15
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastic
Calcified

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16
Q

Types of Cartilage

most abundant, least differentiated and precursor of replacement bone, found chiefly on articular surfaces of bones

A

Hyaline

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17
Q

Types of Cartilage

intervertebral discs and attachment of tendons and ligaments

A

Fibrous

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18
Q

Types of Cartilage

in external ear and epiglottis

A

Elastic

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19
Q

Types of Cartilage

formed when calcium salts are deposited within the interstitial substance of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

A

Calcified

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20
Q

Specialized (vascular) connective tissue made up of calcified bone matrix

A

Bone

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21
Q

bones are synthesized and maintained by what cells

A

Specialized (vascular) connective tissue made up of calcified bone matrix

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22
Q

what component of bones are the calcium hydroxyapatite crystals composed off calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl ions

A

Inorganic component

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23
Q

what component of bones are the type I collagen with amorphous ground substance

A

Organic component

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24
Q

Bones are Bound together by water and __________ as cementing substance

A

mucopolysaccharides

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25
Q

Types of Bone Cells

A

Osteogenic cells/scleroblasts

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

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26
Q

Stem cells derived from mesenchyme
Give rise to all connective tissues

A

Osteogenic cells/scleroblasts

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27
Q

Bone formation and growth regulation
Secrete organic and mineral substances for ossification

A

Osteoblasts

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28
Q

Osteoblasts surrounded by its own intercellular deposits
Maintain cellular activities of bone tissue

A

Osteocytes

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29
Q

Contains enzymes for bone resorption (release of ion stores)
Contain hormone receptors for its own regulation

A

Osteoclasts

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30
Q

Functions of Bone

A

Support of soft tissues and muscles

Locomotion

Protect vital organs (skull, ribs, vertebrae)

Hematopoiesis: RBC production in bone marrow

Reservoir of calcium and phosphate

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31
Q

Classification of Bones

A

Shape
Structure
Function
Origin
Position

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32
Q

Classification According to Shape

A

Long bone
Short bones
Sesamoid bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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33
Q

Classification According to Shape

characteristic of the limbs

A

Long bone

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34
Q

Classification According to Shape

confined to the carpal and tarsal regions

A

Short bones

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35
Q

Classification According to Shape

present near free moving joints

A

Sesamoid bones

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36
Q

Classification According to Shape

found in limb girdles and in the head

A

Flat bones

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37
Q

Classification According to Shape

vertebral column, skull bones that are not flat and hip bones

A

Irregular bones

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38
Q

Classification According to Shape

formed due to additional ossification centers in or near sutures of the flat bones of the human cranium

A

sutural bone

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39
Q

Classification According to Structure

A

Compact bone
Spongy bone

40
Q

are parallel to the long axis of bones to minimize likelihood of fracture

Characteristics of amniotes

Absent in amphibians, a few reptiles and some small insectivores and rodents

A

Haversian systems

41
Q

Classification According to Structure

Consists of layers (lamelae) or mineralized collagenous bundles arranged concentrically around a haversian canal

has a Haversian system that is made up of the canal and its surrounding lamellae

A

Compact bone

42
Q

Classification According to Structure

Consists of bone trabeculae and bone marrow
Present in expanded head of long bones and fills most irregular bones

A

Spongy or cancellous bone

43
Q

part of Spongy or cancellous bone

form a rigid framework that provides maximum strength at areas of strength

A

Trabeculae

44
Q

part of Spongy or cancellous bone

occupies the spaces between trabeculae

A

Bone marrow

45
Q

Classification According to Bone Development

pre-existing connective tissue is replaced by bone

A

ossification

46
Q

is any aggregation of mesenchyme that differentiates into some tissue

A

Blastema

47
Q

differentiate into fibroblasts which secretes collagens of become scleroblasts that will become osteoblasts and chondroblasts

A

Mesenchyme cells

48
Q

Classification According to Bone Development

A

Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification

49
Q

Classification According to Bone Development

Formation of membrane bones from connective tissue

Bones of lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdle, dermal bones and vertebrae of teleosts, urodeles and apodans

May be compact or spongy and lamellar or non-lamellar

A

Intramembranous ossification

50
Q

Intramembranous ossification process

A

Mesenchyme cells in the connective tissue becomes osteoblasts -> deposit bone matrix -> becomes osteocytes

51
Q

Classification According to Bone Development figure

A

(A) Mesenchymal cells condense to produce osteoblasts, which deposit osteoid matrix. These osteoblasts become arrayed along the calcified region of the matrix. Osteoblasts that are trapped within the bone matrix become osteocytes.

(B) Intramembranous ossification in the plastron (ventral shell) of the red-ear slider turtle Trachemys scripta. The plastron of a one-month-old hatchling was stained with alcian blue (for cartilage) and alizarin red (for bone). No cartilage was seen to precede the formation of bone.

52
Q

Classification According to Bone Development

Formation of bone from hyaline cartilage
Bone formed is known as cartilage bone or replacement bone

A

Endochondral ossification

53
Q

Endochondral ossification
process

A

After cartilage is formed from mesenchyme:
Chondrocytes calcify matrix
Undergoes apoptosis
Perichondrium -> periosteum
Blood vessels intrude the matrix and bring in hematopoeitic cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts -> bone

54
Q

Intramembranous
(Membrane Bones)

starting tissues

vasculation

type of bones produced

A

Congregated mesenchymal cell (no cartilage)

Numerous small blood vessels

Many flat bones

55
Q

Endochondral
(Cartilage Bones or Replacement Bones)

starting tissues

vasculation

type of bones produced

A

Starts with cartilage

Avascular

Long bones and flat bones

56
Q

Same constituents as the bone except that the odontoblasts are not trapped in lacunae

Frequently coated by enamel

Found in the scales of basal ray-finned and elasmobranch fishes and teeth

A

Dentin

57
Q

Canaliculi in dentin are called

A

dentinal tubules

58
Q

type of bone where the Osteoclasts retreat as they deposit bone but in addition leave no processes or canaliculi

in fibrous plates of scales of modern fishes and the cementum of vertebrate teeth

A

Acellular Bone

59
Q

a term is first used to denote acellular dermal bone found in fossil heterostracans

A

Aspidin

60
Q

Calcium Storage and Withdrawal

provide storage for calcium and other mineral salts

A

Bones

61
Q

is constantly deposited or withdrawn from storage based on the amount of calcium in the serum

A

Calcium

62
Q

Withdrawal of calcium is by regulation of the

A

parathyroid gland and calcitonin

63
Q

remodel to accommodate organs that it needs to protect

in response to stress, and is thicker in areas of stress

Roughened surface areas, bony ridges and other prominences where muscles attach enlarge with sustained muscle use

A

Skeletal Remodeling

64
Q

Connect muscles with bones and have a shiny white appearance

Offers maximal resistance to the tension created when muscle contracts

A

Tendons

65
Q

Continuous with the epimysium of muscles and perichondrium or periosteum of cartilages or bones

A

Tendons

66
Q

Connect bone to bone

Arrangement is less regular than tendon but are directly continuous with the periosteum

A

Ligaments

67
Q

the largest ligament in mammals is the _________ found extending across the neck of herbivores

A

nuchal ligament

68
Q

what animals have ossified tendons in their legs

A

Turkeys

69
Q

___________ have the same ossified tendons as turkeys millions of years ago

A

Ornithischian dinosaurs

70
Q

what type of bone or cartilage are mineralized nodules in tendons and ligaments and can either be endochondral or membranous

A

Sesamoid cartilages or bones

71
Q

Site where two bones or cartilages meet

Bones are held together by any one or a combination of fibrous, elastic or cartilaginous _______

A

Joints or Arthrosis

72
Q

Classification of Joints or Arthrosis

A

Fibrous joints (synarthroses)
Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses)
Synovial (diarthroses or true joints)

73
Q

Classification of Joints or Arthrosis

Capable of minimal to no movement

Main function is to hold bones together

A

Fibrous Joints or Synarthroses

74
Q

Types of Fibrous Joints or Synarthroses

A

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

75
Q

Types of Fibrous Joints or Synarthroses

found among flat bones of the cranium

A

Sutures

76
Q

Types of Fibrous Joints or Synarthroses

found in between two bones

A

Syndesmoses

77
Q

Types of Fibrous Joints or Synarthroses

specialized joint that hold the teeth in plate

A

Gomphoses

78
Q

Classification of Joints or Arthrosis

Permits only limited motion

Function mainly for stretching or compression

A

Cartilaginous Joints or Amphiarthroses

79
Q

Types of Cartilaginous Joints or Amphiarthroses

A

Hyaline cartilage joint (synchondroses)

Hyaline cartilage joint (synchondroses)

80
Q

Types of Cartilaginous Joints or Amphiarthroses

characteristic of growing bone and are lost as the animal matures

A

Hyaline cartilage joint (synchondroses)

81
Q

Types of Cartilaginous Joints or Amphiarthroses

features of mature skeleton and occasionally ossify with age

A

Fibrocartilaginous joint (symphyses)

82
Q

Classification of Joints or Arthrosis

Permit a relatively wide range or motion

ROM can either be in a single plane or multiple planes

Motions that can take plate at joints include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction

A

Synovial Joint or Diarthroses

83
Q

Components of a Synovial Joint

A

Two bones, the ends of which are covered by hyaline cartilage

joint cavity

joint capsule

Other components which are modifications related to form and function of the joint

84
Q

Components of a Synovial Joint

cavity that lies between the two bones

A

joint cavity

85
Q

Components of a Synovial Joint

capsule that entirely surrounds the joints cavity, extending both proximal and distal to it

A

joint capsule

86
Q
A
87
Q

is protection and a strengthening structure of the join capsule

A

outer, fibrous layer

88
Q

Components of a Synovial Joint
secretes the viscous and slick synovial fluid in joint capsule

A

inner, synovial layer

89
Q

Types of Synovial Joint
Number of articulating surfaces involved

A

Simple
Complex
Compound

90
Q
A
91
Q

Components of the Skeleton

A

Axial skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Heterotopic skeleton

91
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Pectoral and pelvic girdles
Skeleton of paired fins and limbs
Skeleton of median fins of fishes

91
Q

Heterotopic skeleton

A

Os cordis - deer and bovines

Os penis - dogs, basal primates and other mammals

Os clitoridis - female mammals

Gizzard bone - doves

Tongue - bats

Gular pouch - South American lizard

Diahpragm - camel

Syrinx - birds

Upper eyelid (adlacrimal or palpebral) - crocodilians

Tarsal plate of eyelid - humans

Os rostri - swine

Cloacal bones - lizards

91
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Notochord and vertebral column
Ribs and sternum
Skull and visceral skeleton

91
Q

abnormal growth of bone in the non-skeletal tissues including muscle, tendons or other soft tissue.

A

Heterotopic skeleton

91
Q

Types of Synovial Joint
Shape or form of the articular surfaces

A

Plane joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Ellipsoidal join
Hinge joint
Condylar joint
Trochoid or pivot joint
Saddle joint

COMPANA (10 decks)

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