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COMPANA > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System FUNCTIONS

A

Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones and antibodies

Serve in conjunction with the kidneys and some other organs in maintaining the internal environment

Removal of toxic and pathogenic materials from the body

Regulation of body temperature with the help of the muscles and integument

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2
Q

Lymphatic System FUNCTIONS

A

Return of leaked proteins back to the blood circulation

Transports digested fat from the intestine to the bloodstream

Removal and destruction of toxins

Resisting the spread of disease throughout the body

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3
Q

Channels of Blood Circulation

Carry blood away from the heart
More muscle and elastic fibers

A

Arteries

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4
Q

Arteries
passageways

A

Arterioles -> capillaries

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5
Q

Channels of Blood Circulation

Carry blood toward the heart
Less muscle and elastic fibers

A

Veins

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6
Q

Veins
passageways

A

Capillaries -> venules

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7
Q

passageway of blood via vessels

A

artery -> arteriole -> capillaries -> venule -> veins

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8
Q

Channels of Blood Circulation
Endothelium only
Lumen can only accommodate the diameter of one RBC
Capillary shunts are direct connections between arterioles and venules

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

are systems of veins terminating in a capillary bed

a network of blood vessels that connects two capillary systems, transporting blood from one organ to another

A

Portal Systems

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10
Q

Portal Systems

A

Renal
Hepatic
Hypophyseal

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11
Q

Portal Systems

blood from tail capillaries passes the kidney before reaching the heart

A

Renal

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12
Q

Portal Systems

blood from digestive system passes the liver before reaching the heart

A

Hepatic

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13
Q

Portal Systems

blood from hypothalamus passes the adenohypophysis before reaching the heart

A

Hypophyseal

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14
Q

Composition of the Blood
55% of human blood

A

Plasma

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15
Q

Composition of the Blood
Composed of 90% water and 10% dissolved substances (proteins, ions and hormones)

A

Plasma

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16
Q

is plasma devoid of fibrinogen (clotting fibers)

A

Serum

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17
Q

45% of human blood

A

Formed elements

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18
Q

Formed elements

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)

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19
Q

Hemopoiesis occurs where

A

Blood islands in area opaca of yolk sac filled with mesenchyme -> production of hemocytoblasts

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20
Q

the process of the body producing blood cells

A

Hemopoiesis

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21
Q

hemocytoblasts may form the following :

A

Formed elements
Blood forming tissues of liver, kidney, spleen or bone marrow

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22
Q

is the chief source of blood cells and is located in the spongy bone

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

is a lymphatic organ and contains macrophages that “eat” defective blood cells as well as pathogens

A

Spleen

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24
Q

Oval and nucleated in most vertebrates

Circular, biconcave and non-nucleated in mammals with exceptions

A

Red Blood Cells

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25
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Life cycle in 3 to 4 months or 120 days

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26
Q

exceptions of Circular, biconcave and non-nucleated RBCs

A

(except camels and llamas)

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27
Q

Functional component in RBC

A

hemoglobin

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28
Q

is an iron pigment that attaches to O2 forming oxyhemoglobin

A

heme

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29
Q

Less numerous than the red blood cells and platelets

A

White Blood Cells

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30
Q

White Blood Cells
can pass through capillary walls and phagocytose broken-down tissues

A

Granulocytes and monocytes

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31
Q

White Blood Cells
are abundant in lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissues

A

Lymphocytes

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32
Q

Participate with fibrinogen in the clotting of blood

Tiny fragments of stem cells found in bone marrow

Consist of membrane enclosed cytoplasm devoid of nucleus

A

Platelets

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33
Q

other large cells that produce platelets, which are cell fragments that help form blood clots

Tiny fragments of stem cells found in bone marrow

A

megakaryocytes

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34
Q

A muscular pump within the pericardial cavity

Pulsates rhythmically via the autonomic nervous system

A

Heart

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35
Q

Heart
Walls of the heart

A

Endocardium (arterial intima)
Myocardium (arterial media)
Epicardium (arterial adventitia)

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36
Q

Heart
types of Pericardium

A

Visceral
Parietal

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37
Q

Heart
Chambers of the heart

A

Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Conus arteriosus

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38
Q

the heart is Supplied and drained by the

A

coronary arteries and veins

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39
Q

Heart Circuits:
Single circuit

A

Heart -> gills -> body

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40
Q

Heart Circuits:
types of Double circuits

A

Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit

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41
Q

Systemic circuit is used by what animals

A

amniotes

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42
Q

single circuit is used by what animals

A

fish

43
Q

Pulmonary circuit is used by what animals

A

gill breathing amphibians

44
Q

Heart Circuits:
Pulmonary circuit

A

Heart -> lungs -> heart

45
Q

Heart Circuits:
Systemic circuit

A

Heart -> body -> heart

46
Q

Sharks
which part has these adaptations?

Thin walls, little muscle and much fibrous tissue
Collecting chamber for venous blood that is returning from all parts of the body

A

Sinus venosus

47
Q

Sharks
which part has these adaptations?

Large, thin-walled muscular sac

A

Atrium

48
Q

Sharks
which part has these adaptations?

Very thick muscular walls
Actual pumping portion of the heart

A

Ventricle

49
Q

Sharks
which part has these adaptations?

Chiefly cardiac muscle and elastic connective tissue
With semilunar valves to prevent backflow to ventricle

A

Conus arteriosus

50
Q

Teleosts
which part has these adaptations?

Shorter than sharks with only one set of valves

A

Conus arteriosus

51
Q

Teleosts
which part has these adaptations?

at the base of the ventral aorta maintains steady flow of blood

Also present in perennibranchiate amphibians

A

Bulbus arteriosus

52
Q

Dipnoans and Amphibians
which part has these adaptations?

divided by interatrial septum (complete in dipnoans, anurans and some urodeles)

A

Atrium

53
Q

Dipnoans and Amphibians
which part has these adaptations?

divided by interventricular septum (incomplete in dipnoans and urodeles but absent in anurans) and ventricular trabeculae (amphibians)

A

Ventricle

54
Q

Dipnoans and Amphibians
which part has these adaptations?

has a spiral valve (prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood) (dipnoans and anurans)

A

Conus arteriosus

55
Q

Dipnoans and Amphibians
which part has these adaptations?

Shortened (dipnoans and anurans)
With bulbus arteriosus in amphibians
prominent in urodeles

A

ventral aorta

56
Q

animals that have
2 atria and 2 ventricles

A

Amniotes

57
Q

animals that have 2 atria and 2 ventricles with sinus venosus

A

reptiles

58
Q

Amniotes
atrium:
Interatrial septum is

A

complete

59
Q

Amniotes
atrium:
Confluent during ontogeny via an interatrial foramen called ___________ in the right atrium of mammals

A

foramen ovale that later closes as a fossa ovale

60
Q

Amniotes
atrium:
Right atrium receives blood from _________ (if present)

A

sinus venosus

61
Q

Amniotes
atrium:
Left atrium receives blood from

A

pulmonary veins

62
Q

Amniotes
atrium:
are blind chambers in both atria of mammals (unknown importance)

A

Auricles

63
Q

Amniotes
which part has these adaptations?

Sinoatrial node (SA node) plays important role in heart innervation
Partially incorporated to the right atrial wall

A

Sinus venosus

64
Q

Amniotes
which part has these adaptations?

Ventricles:
Interventricular septum is

A

complete

65
Q

Amniotes
which part has these adaptations?

in turtles and squamates as a 3rd chamber prevents mixing of O2-rich and -poor blood in heart

A

Cavum venosum

66
Q

Amniotes
which part has these adaptations?

in mammals as ridges/columns of muscle in inner wall for strength

A

Trabeculae carnae

67
Q

Amniotes
which part has these adaptations?

is a heterotopic bone in the interventricular septum of deer and bovines

A

Os cordis

68
Q

Amniotes
which part has these adaptations?

Fibrous flaps or cusps that guard passageways from atria to ventricles
Crocodilians and birds have muscular _____ at right side of heart

A

Valves

69
Q

In mammals, valves are connected by _____________ of the ventricle walls

A

chordae tendinae to papillary muscles

70
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid

71
Q

semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary and aortic

72
Q

Blood Flow
Ventricular relaxation
Blood from atria freely pass through valves to the ventricles

A

Diastole

73
Q

Blood Flow
Ventricular contraction
Valves forced forward then upward to prevent backflow of blood

A

Systole

74
Q

Innervation
Dependent on electrolyte concentrations (Na, K and Ca ions) within heart
Autogenic

A

Pulsation

75
Q

Innervation
Lacks any external innervation
Intrinsic conduction system

A

Agnathans

76
Q

Fishes, amphibians and non-avian reptiles what is necessary to produce a regular heartbeat

A

Extrinsic neural stimulus

77
Q

Fishes, amphibians and non-avian reptiles uses this as the pacemaker of the heart is innervated by the 10th cranial nerve (vagus)
Heartbeat starts here then to atria and ventricles

A

Sinus venosus

78
Q

Innervation in Anurans and amniotes
innervate the heart

A

Two sets of sympathetic nerve fibers innervate the heart

79
Q

Innervation in Anurans and amniotes
with inhibitory fibers

A

Vagus nerve

80
Q

Innervation in Anurans and amniotes
with accelerator fibers

A

Cardiac nerves

81
Q

Birds and mammals

Sinus venosus becomes incorporated into the wall of the right atrium as the

A

SA node (pacemaker)

82
Q

is unique to birds and mammals

A

AV node

83
Q

birds and mammals

are directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system

A

Purkinje fibers

84
Q

Originated from lateral plate mesoderm/hypomere

A

Heart

85
Q

have a straight pulsating tube as hearts

A

Fish and amphibian embryos

86
Q

have an unpaired tube as hearts

A

Fish and amphibian adults

87
Q

have a pair of tubes as hearts

A

Amniotes

88
Q

Amniotes what are the pair of tubes thet serve as hearts

A

Cephalic end - ventral aorta
Caudal end - receive blood and becomes unites

89
Q

Amphibians and amniotes
Atrial region finally lies _______ to ventricular region

A

cephalad

90
Q

Amphibians and amniotes
Atrial chamber expands to form bilateral pouches into___________

A

left and right atria

91
Q

Amphibians and amniotes
Separation of right and left ventricular chambers via _______

A

interventricular septum

92
Q

Birds and mammals
becomes incorporated into the wall of right atrium

A

Sinus venosus

93
Q

Birds and mammals
is the first organ to function

A

Heart

94
Q

Supply most tissues with oxygenated blood (but carry deoxygenated blood to respiratory system)

A

Arterial Channels

95
Q

vessel that emerges from heart and passes forward beneath the pharynx

A

Ventral aorta

96
Q

vessel that (paired above the pharynx) passes caudally above the digestive tract

A

Dorsal aorta

97
Q

Six pairs of __________connect the ventral aorta with the dorsal aorta

A

aortic arches

98
Q

Aortic Arches of Tetrapod embryos

A

Embryos have 6 pairs of aortic arches

99
Q

Aortic Arches of Tetrapods
AA are temporary and not found in adults

A

1st and 2nd

100
Q

Aortic Arches of Tetrapods
AA and the paired dorsal aorta cranial becomes the internal carotid arteries

A

3rd

101
Q

Aortic Arches of Tetrapods
AA becomes the systemic arches

A

4th

102
Q

Aortic Arches of Tetrapods
AA are usually lost

A

5th

103
Q

Aortic Arches of Tetrapods
AA give off pulmonary arteries and supplies the lungs

A

6th

104
Q
A

COMPANA (10 decks)

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