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COMPANA > Introduction to Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Studies the descriptive and functional morphology of vertebrates
Descriptive - structure of vertebrates
Functional - significance of the structure

A

Comparative Anatomy

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2
Q

A study of evolution to phylogeny
It can be considered as vertebrate evolution

A

Comparative Anatomy

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3
Q

study of structural evolution

A

Morphology

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4
Q

study of description of structures

A

Anatomy

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5
Q

Tail appearing outwardly symmetrical but with the backbone passing into the upper lobe, as in all higher fish

A

homocercal

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6
Q

Tailhaving unequal upper and lower lobes, usually with the vertebral column passing into the upper.

A

heterocercal

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7
Q

Big Five in chordates

A

post anal tail
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharynx
notchord
endostyle

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8
Q

No vertebrate will proceed without passing through these five characteristics in embryonic development

A

true

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9
Q

_______ have been grouped into a single taxon

A

Protochordates and chordates

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10
Q

is a rod of living cells ventral to the CNS and dorsal to the alimentary canal

provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate

A

Notochord

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11
Q

most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops, and the adult retains only remnants of the

A

embryonic notochord

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12
Q

Fate during development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in head region

A

incorporated into skull floor

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13
Q

Fate during development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in Trunk and tail

A

surrounded by cartilaginous or bony vertebrae

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14
Q

Fate in adulthood development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in Trunk and tail in Protochordates

A

chief axial skeleton surrounded by notochord sheath

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15
Q

Fate in adulthood development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in Trunk and tail in Agnathans

A

similar to protochordates with addition of lateral neural cartilages

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16
Q

Fate in adulthood development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in Trunk and tail in Fishes and amphibians

A

persist the length of the trunk and tail within the centrum

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17
Q

Fate in adulthood development of Notochord and Vertebral Column in Trunk and tail in Reptiles, birds and mammals

A

disappears and becomes pulpy nucleus in mammal vertebrae

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18
Q

Vertebrae parts

A

Centrum (deposited around notochord)
Neural arch (forms over spinal cord)
Various processes

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19
Q

develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord

Formed by the process of invagination

A

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

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20
Q

The nerve cord develops into the central nervous system:

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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21
Q

Common to hemichordates and chordates

can be perforated by openings (slits) to either the exterior or an atrium (reflecting common ancestry)

Membranous digestive and respiratory organ located at the back of the mouth that serves as passageway of food and air

A

Pharynx

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22
Q

The ______ Vital part of craniate embryo that produces:
Gills of fishes (permanent slits)
Lungs of tetrapods (temporary slits)
Skeleton & musculature of jaws
Endocrine glands that regulate metabolic rates in all body cells & maintain appropriate calcium levels in bones, other tissues & circulating blood (parafollicular cells & parathyroid glands)
Gives rise to middle ear cavity of tetrapods (auditory and tympanic cavity)
Provides initial cells of immune system during fetal life & shortly after (thymus in humans)

A

Pharynx

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23
Q

A column of tissue which separates each embryonic pharyngeal pouch or slit from the next

A

Pharyngeal Arches

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24
Q

Pharyngeal Arch typically has 4 components or blastemas from which these components develop:

A

Skeleton
Muscles
Nerves
Blood vessels

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25
Q

Total of _________ of Pharyngeal arches develop in cranio-caudal sequence

A

6 pairs

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26
Q

is complex, and contributes to both upper and lower jaw

A

First arch

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27
Q

Arch _
Skeletal Elements
Meckel’s cartilage
Malleus
Incus

Muscles
Muscles of mastication
Anterior belly of digastricus
Tensor tympani
Tensor palati

A

1

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28
Q

Arch 1
Cranial Nerve

A

Trigeminal nerve (mandibular division)

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29
Q

Arch _
Skeletal Elements
Stapes
Styloid process
Upper part of hyoid

Muscles
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Muscles of facial expression
Posterior belly of digastricus

A

2

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30
Q

Arch 2
Cranial Nerve

A

Facial nerve

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31
Q

Arch _
Skeletal Elements
Lower part of hyoid

Muscles
Stylopharyngeus

A

3

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32
Q

Arch 3
Cranial Nerve

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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33
Q

Arch _
Skeletal Elements
Laryngeal cartilages

Muscles
Cricotyhroideus
Pharyngeal constrictors
Instrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

4 - 6

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34
Q

Arch 4 - 6
Cranial Nerve

A

Vagus Nerve

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35
Q

Supportive skeletal elements (pharyngeal skeleton)

A

Pharyngeal Arches

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36
Q

Pharyngeal Arches have ___________ (branches 5, 7, 9 and 10) which innervate muscles and provide sensory input to the brain

A

Cranial nerves

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37
Q

Pharyngeal Arches have an __________ that connects the ventral and dorsal aortas

A

aortic arch

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38
Q

Striated muscles that operate the Pharyngeal Arches

A

branchiomeric muscles

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39
Q

Ectodermally-lined grooves on the outside of the embryonic pharynx

A

Pharyngeal Clefts

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40
Q

Supportive skeletal elements (pharyngeal skeleton)
Striated muscles that operate the arch (branchiomeric muscles)
Cranial nerves (branches 5, 7, 9 and 10) which innervate muscles and provide sensory input to the brain
An aortic arch that connects the ventral and dorsal aortas

A

Pharyngeal Arches Components

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41
Q

Ectodermally-lined grooves on the outside of the embryonic pharynx
are lost in development because of proliferation of the underlying mesoderm

A

Pharyngeal Clefts

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42
Q

an important cleft because this Pharyngeal Cleft it develops into the external auditory meatus of the ear and provides the outer epithelium of the tympanic membrane

A

first cleft

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43
Q

Arises as diverticula of endoderm or foregut
Grows toward the surface of the animal
Establish the limits of the pharynx

Contribute to the development of a surprising diversity of structures

A

Pharyngeal Pouches

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44
Q

Maximum number in jawed craniates in basal shark and living agnathans

A

8 - basal shark
15 - living agnathans

45
Q

grows toward each Pharyngeal pouch and is separated from each other via the pharyngeal plate

A

Pharyngeal clefts

46
Q

Pharyngeal Pouch _ Derivatives
Middle ear cavity
Endodermal aspect of tympanic membrane
Pharyngotympanic tube

47
Q

Pharyngeal Pouch _ Derivatives
Palatine tonsil

48
Q

Pharyngeal Pouch _ Derivatives
Inferior parathyroid gland
Thymus

49
Q

Pharyngeal Pouches __ Derivatives
Superior parathyroid gland
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

50
Q

are formed between the pharynx and the exterior when the pharyngeal plate ruptures

A

Pharyngeal Slits

51
Q

Pharyngeal Slits may open to the exterior as slits

52
Q

where Permanent Pharyngeal slits are

A

adults that live in water and breathe via gills

53
Q

where Temporary Pharyngeal slits are

A

adults live on land

54
Q

is a glandular groove in the floor of the pharynx and is involved in filter feeding

55
Q

is an endocrine gland that produces hormones

A

Thyroid gland

56
Q

Both arises from the floor of the pharynx and are involved in iodine metabolism

A

Thyroid gland and Endostyle

57
Q

Chordates have a ________ posterior to the anus
contains skeletal elements and muscles

A

Post-Anal Tail

58
Q

In many species, the tail is greatly reduced during

A

embryonic development

59
Q

It provides propelling force in many aquatic species

A

Post-Anal Tail

60
Q

origin of protostomes

A

coelom originates from split of the mesoderm, forms the mouth

61
Q

origin of deuterostomes

A

coelom originates from outpouching of the gut, forms the anus

62
Q

are animals that have a notochord in the embryo stage at least

63
Q

are chordates with a neurocranium or braincase

64
Q

chordates with vertebrae

A

Vertebrates

65
Q

appear during embryonic development after the notochord has formed

66
Q

craniate body consists of three regional components:

A

Head
Trunk
Postanal tail

67
Q

Contains special sense organs for monitoring the external environment - eyes, ears, nose

68
Q

is at least large enough (cephalization) to receive and process essential information and to provide appropriate stimuli to the body musculature

A

Brain of chordates

69
Q

in some species for acquiring, retaining and macerating food

70
Q

for respiration in fishes

71
Q

Centralization or localization of nervous structures and functions in the head with accompanying dominance of the head

A

Cephalization

72
Q

More and more cephalization marked the higher one ascends in the animal kingdom

73
Q

Particularly prominent as a structural and functional feature of the vertebrates

A

Cephalization

74
Q

Contains the coelom which houses most of the visceral organs

75
Q

surrounds the coelom and consists chiefly of muscle, vertebral column and the ribs

76
Q

the trunk is Associated with

A

paired pectoral and pelvic appendages

77
Q

which is a narrow extension of the trunk connects the trunk with the head

78
Q

Commences at the anus or vent

Consists almost exclusively or a caudal continuation of body wall muscles, axial skeleton, nerves and blood vessels

A

Postanal Tail

79
Q

Postanal Tail is Present in all embryos, though adult form may lose the tail along development

80
Q

position when a quaruped stands erect on all four limbs, facing left, with the tail slightly raised

A

Anatomic Position

81
Q

any surface, real or imaginary, along which any two points can be connected by a straight line

A

Anatomic Plane

82
Q

divides the head, body or any limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves

A

Median Plane

83
Q

There is only one single median plane

84
Q

Median and medial are not synonymous

85
Q

Median is a

Medial is a

A

plane

directional term

86
Q

passes through the right or left side of the body parallel to the median plane

A

Sagittal Plane

87
Q

passes through the head, body, limb or organ at right angles to the structure’s long axis or the median plane

A

Transverse Plane

88
Q

runs at right angles to both the median and transverse planes (horizontally) dividing the body into dorsal and ventral potions

A

Dorsal Plane

89
Q

Occurs in an organism if it can be cut into two identical halves through any cut that runs through the organism’s center

90
Q

These organisms resemble a pie where several cuttingplanesproduce roughly identical pieces

They have a top and a bottom (dorsal and ventralsurface) only

A

Radial organisms

91
Q

An organism with ___________ symmetry exhibits no left or right sides

92
Q

Combination of radial and bilateral symmetry

93
Q

Only one plane, thesagittal plane, will divide an organism into roughlymirror imagehalves (with respect to external appearance only)

94
Q

Internally, only the organ systems are not bilaterally symmetrical

A

digestive and lymphatic system

95
Q

Regular repetition of body parts along the cranio-caudal axis

A

Metamerism or Segmentation

96
Q

Body of segmented animals is composed of longitudinal series of divisions in each of which all or most of the body systems are represented

A

metamere, segment or somite

97
Q

No external evidence of segmentation in most adult reptiles, birds, & mammals
But internally a series of muscle segments are visible

98
Q

Serial arrangement of vertebrae, ribs, spinal nerves, embryonic kidney tubules, segmental arteries & veins)

99
Q

Each segment may or may not be marked externally by a constriction of the body wall

A

Metamerism or Segmentation

100
Q

segmentation of the animal body into nearly like segments

A

Homonomous segmentation

101
Q

various segments differ from each other

A

Heteronomous segmentation

102
Q

Cranium

Three-part brain

Neural crest and its derivatives

Paired external sense organs

Cartilage

103
Q

Vertebral column

Two semicircular canals

Electroreception

Lateral line system with multicellular neuromasts

Number of soft tissue specializations

A

Vertebrate Characteristics

104
Q

Integument - epidermis and dermis

Respiratory mechanism - external

Coelom

A

Other Craniate Characteristics

105
Q

Paired external sense organs

A

olfactory, optic and otic with a single semicircular canal, lateral line system with unicellular sense organs

106
Q

epidermis and dermis of craniates

A

Integument

107
Q

coeloms in Craniates

A

Pericardial cavity - heart
Pleural cavity - lungs
Peritoneal cavity - abdominal organs
Scrotal cavity - testes

108
Q

Digestive system - cloaca or anus

Urogenital organs

Circulatory system - single or double-circuit

Skeleton - axial and appendicular

Muscles - skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Sense organs - exteroceptors, proprioceptors and visceral receptors

A

Other Craniate Characteristics

COMPANA (10 decks)

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