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COMPANA > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

primary role of the integument

A

protection

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2
Q

protects the internal organs from mechanical injury

A

Dermal armors

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3
Q

secrete slimy or noxious substances

A

Glands

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4
Q

provide protective coloration

Serves as barrier to the rays of the sun

A

Pigments

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5
Q

Exteroceptive Role of the integument

A

Protective in its most primitive state

Naked nerve endings are stimulated when foreign objects contact the skin
The only role of cutaneous receptors in agnathans

More complex receptors are found in other fishes and tetrapods and highly used for survival

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6
Q

Some Roles of the Integument

A

Protective Role
Exteroceptive Role of the integument
Respiration
Excretion
Thermoregulation
Locomotion
Maintenance of Homeostasis
Nourishment
Pheromones
Skin Coloration

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7
Q

Roles of the Integument
Naked nerve endings are stimulated when foreign objects contact the skin
The only role of cutaneous receptors in agnathans

More complex receptors are found in other fishes and tetrapods and highly used for survival

A

Exteroceptive Role of the integument

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8
Q

Roles of the Integument
Supplements gills and lungs of many amphibians (aquatic urodeles)

A

Respiration

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9
Q

Scales and cornified epithelium are not conducive for cutaneous respiration

A

true

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10
Q

_____________ rely its respiration entirely on the skin (they don’t have gills or lungs)

A

Plethodontid salamander

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11
Q

Roles of the Integument
CO2 excretion in some aquatic amphibians

Sweat glands are supplementary to excrete nitrogenous wastes

Ammonia in fishes is easily diffused via gill epithelium and other tissues exposed to water

A

Excretion

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12
Q

Roles of the Integument
Function of the skin of endotherms (birds and mammals)

Fur and feather insulate against cold

Sweat cools by evaporation

A

Thermoregulation

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13
Q

Dilation of blood vessels within the dermis heat loss by radiation

A

increases

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14
Q

Roles of the Integument
Performed by adhesive pads, claws that assist in climbing, scutes that assist in slithering and feathers that provide airfoil

Webbed feet for those that wade in water

Webbed wings in bats enable them to fly

A

Locomotion

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15
Q

Roles of the Integument
Reservoirs of calcium and phosphate molecules in fishes

Cornified epithelium of tetrapods conserve water

Absorbs water under the influence of posterior pituitary gland in aestivating lungfishes, toads and other craniates

A

Maintenance of Homeostasis

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16
Q

Roles of the Integument
Mucus secreted in some teleosts provide nutrition to hatchlings

Mammary glands provide nourishment to the young

A

Maintenance of Homeostasis

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17
Q

Roles of the Integument
Serves as species identification or serves as alarm

Elaborate colorations help during breeding season

Can be used as protection

A

Pheromones and Skin Coloration

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18
Q

Forms the interface between the animal’s internal environment and the outside world

A

Integument

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19
Q

Contains epithelial, connective adipose and smooth muscle tissues

Also contains blood vessels, glands, sensory receptors, nerves and other structures

A

Integument

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20
Q

Superficial part of skin; stratified squamous epithelium; composed of four or five strata

Barrier that prevents water loss and the entry of chemicals and microorganisms; protects against abrasion and ultraviolet light; produces vitamin D; gives rise to hair, nails, and glands

A

Epidermis

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21
Q

Most superficial strata of the epidermis; 25 or more layers of dead squamous cells

Provision of structural strength by keratin and protein
envelope within cells; prevention of water loss by lipids surrounding cells; sloughing off of most superficial cells resists abrasion

A

Stratum corneum

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22
Q

Three to five layers of dead cells; appears transparent; present in thick skin, absent in most thin skin

Dispersion of keratohyalin around keratin fibers

A

Stratum lucidum

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23
Q

Two to five layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells

Production of keratohyalin granules; lamellar bodies release lipids from cells; cells die

A

Stratum granulosum

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24
Q

A total of 8 to 10 layers of many-sided cells

Production of keratin fibers; formation of lamellar bodies

A

Stratum spinosum

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25
Q

Deepest strata of the epidermis; single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells; basement membrane of the epidermis attaches to the dermis

Production of cells of the most superficial strata; melanocytes produce and contribute melanin, which protects against ultraviolet light

A

Stratum basale

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26
Q

Deep part of skin; connective tissue composed of two layers

Responsible for the structural strength and flexibility of the skin; the epidermis exchanges gases, nutrients, and waste products with blood vessels in the _______

A

Dermis

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27
Q

Papillae project toward the epidermis; loose connective tissue
Brings blood vessels close to the epidermis; dermal papillae form fingerprints and footprints

A

Papillary layer

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28
Q

Not part of the skin; loose connective tissue with abundant fat deposits
Attaches the dermis to underlying structures; fat tissue provides energy storage, insulation, and padding: blood vessels and nerves from the subcutaneous tissue supply the dermis

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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28
Q

Composed of a stratified epithelium which developed from embryonic ectoderm

A

Epidermis

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28
Q

consists of 1 to 2 mitotically active, cuboidal cell layers located above the basement membrane
Cells move toward the body surface to differentiate and are eventually sloughed off

A

Stratum germinativum

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28
Q

Mat of collagen and elastin fibers; dense irregular connective tissue
Main fibrous layer of the dermis; strong in many directions; forms cleavage lines

A

Reticular layer

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28
Q

Composed of a stratified epithelium which developed from embryonic ectoderm

A

Epidermis

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28
Q

Some epidermal cells synthesize _________ which is a water-insoluble, horny protein that may fill the cells and replace other organelles

A

kertain

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29
Q

animals that have a thin layer of epidermis

A

Fishes and amphibians

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29
Q

Epidermis Two types of covering:

A

Aquatic craniates -
Terrestrial craniates - water-impervious cornified cells

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30
Q

animals that have a thick layer of epidermis

A

Reptiles and mammals

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30
Q

which is a water-insoluble, horny protein that may fill the cells and replace other organelles

A

stratum corneum

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31
Q

Epidermis covering that has a thin coat of mucus

A

Aquatic craniates

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32
Q

Epidermis covering that is mostly multicellular

A

Terrestrial craniates

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33
Q

Develops from mesenchymal cells which are mostly derived from mesodermal dermatome of somites

A

Dermis

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34
Q

Basic component is collagen and elastic fibers embedded in proteoglycans and other macromolecules which holds other component in place and provide tensile strength

A

Dermis

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35
Q

Other components of dermis

A

blood vessels, small nerves and pigment cells
Lymphatics
Naked and encapsulated exteroceptors
Bases of multicellular glands
Bases of hairs or feathers and their erector muscles

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36
Q

is thicker than the epidermis in mature skin and consists of two layers:

Irregularly arranged collagen fibers

A

Dermis

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37
Q

Dermis consists of two layers:

A

Stratum laxum
Stratum compactum

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38
Q

Teeth, bony and horny scales, feathers and hair develop as a result of intricate interactions between the dermis and epidermis via neural crest cell migration

A

Skin Derivatives

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39
Q

Glands, feathers, hair and other keratinized structures are composed of __________ in which some parts invade the underlying dermis

A

epidermal cells

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40
Q

Superficial bones are dermal derivatives

A

true

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41
Q

Teeth and bony scales are of ______ and _____

A

epidermal and dermal products

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42
Q

These structures have supportive and protective functions that they are sometimes termed as

A

integumentary skeleton

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43
Q

Cells that contain pigments found in all vertebrates except albinos

Develop from neural crests and are located in the upper part of the dermis in fishes, amphibians and reptiles

They penetrate and are located in the epidermis of birds and mammals

A

Chromatophores

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44
Q

Star-shaped cells containing melanin

With long, branching processes

granules may either be black, brown or more yellow and reddish

A

Melanophores

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45
Q

Melanophores contained within cellular organelles called

A

melanosomes

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46
Q

is synthesized within melanophores of birds and mammals but most of it is transferred to feather, hair and other epidermal derivatives

A

Melanin

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47
Q

in anamniotes and reptiles may migrate into processes of the melanophores, maximizing the color or concentrating it

A

Melanosomes

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48
Q

Contain crystalline chemochromes from guanine
Generate iridescent colors because of the diffraction of light within the stacked plates

A

Iridophores or guanophores

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49
Q

Utilize crystalline purines (often guanine) to reflect light
Produce reflective white hues

A

Leucophores

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50
Q

Contain yellow pigments composed of pteridines

A

Xanthophores

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51
Q

Contain reddish pigments composed of carotenoids

A

Erythrophores

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52
Q

Vesicles containing pteridine and carotenoids are sometimes found in the same cell

A

true

53
Q

Unique copper uroporphyrin pigment responsible for the bright green coloration of several birds of the family Musophagidae, most notably the turaco
The only true green pigments found in birds

A

Turacoverdin

54
Q

Naturally occurring red pigment
Found only in the bird family Musophagidae, the turacos

A

Turacin

55
Q

Important Roles of Skin Coloration

A

Can be concealing or cryptic helping an animal hide from predators or enable a predator to stalk a prey

Can be aposematic where it advertises the presence of dangerous, venomous or distasteful species

Also used for species recognition, establishment of territories, courtship and other types of communication

Also help reptiles thermoregulate

56
Q

is similar in its basic structure

Epidermis is relatively thin and most cells are alive

Surface cells are covered with microridges that increase the surface area for exchange between the animal and its environment

A

Fish Integument

57
Q

may be deposited in limited areas such as horny teeth of cyclostomes and tubercles that develop in many fishes during mating season

A

Keratin

58
Q

secrete only mucus in fish

A

Goblet cells

59
Q

secrete mucus and additional ingredients mostly of unknown functions in fish

A

Granular cells

60
Q

_________ which are products of granular cells are not common in fish

A

Alkaloids

61
Q

glads that are not abundant in fish

A

Multicellular glands

62
Q

_______ can be for protection, for nutrition and some contain toxins

A

Slimy mucus

63
Q

in fish, Light-emitting organs in deep-sea teleosts

Upper part of the gland consists of modified mucous cells acting as magnifying lens

Beneath the lens are light-emitting cells

Cells below are in contact with melanophores and in blood cells which is the source of raw materials

The light is not intense and usually of many hues

A

Photophores

64
Q

light from Photophores components

A

Luciferase + luciferin =

65
Q

Functions for Photophores

A

Species and sex identification
Lure for prey in carnivores or is a warning that it is a carnivore
Concealment by countershading

66
Q

Highly mitotic, multi-layered epidermis with unicellular mucous glands

No keratinized or cornified layer

Horny denticles on buccal funnel or teeth are the only keratinized structures

A

Epidermis of Agnathans

67
Q

Multi-layered than agnathans

Not as much unicellular glands except in chimeras

Localized glands include:
Goblet cells
Multicellular glands

Photophores in the dermis are modified epidermal glands that lost connection with the epidermis

A

Epidermis of Cartilaginous Fishes

68
Q

Collagen fibers are generally more regularly arranged than of other vertebrates

Develop in layers that spiral around the body in approximately 45o angle to the longitudinal axis with adjacent layers perpendicular to each other

Fiber arrangement strengthens the skin so that body shape is maintained during swimming

A

dermis of Cartilaginous Fishes

69
Q

dermis acts as ___________ transmitting muscular force in sharks

A

exotendon

70
Q

Bony Dermis of Fishes Generalized pattern:

A

4 = enamel or enamel-like substance
3 = dentin (denticles is 3 + 4)
2 = vascular spongy bone
1 = lamellar bone

71
Q

Dermal Scales

A

Placoid
Rhomboid
Cosmoid
Ganoid
Elasmoid
Ctenoid
Cycloid

72
Q

Dermal Scales
Elasmobranchs

A

Placoid

73
Q

Dermal Scales
Dentine crown with a pulp cavity and covered by enameloid/enamel
(ameloginin proteins)

A

Placoid

74
Q

Dermal Scales
Osteichthyans

A

Rhomboid

75
Q

Dermal Scales
Fossil sarcopterygians

A

Cosmoid

76
Q

Dermal Scales
Layer 4 is composed of ganoine, a form of ename

A

Ganoid

77
Q

Dermal Scales
Specialized canal system associated with dentine and enamel, not a tissue but a structural complex

A

Cosmoid

78
Q

Dermal Scales
Actinopterygians

A

Ganoid

79
Q

Dermal Scales
Teleosts

A

Elasmoid
Ctenoid
Cycloid

80
Q

Dermal Scales
Thin lamellar bone that may be associated with a fibrous plate

A

Elasmoid

81
Q

Dermal Scales
Possesses small spines (ctenii), a derived scale

A

Ctenoid

82
Q

Dermal Scales
Composite group of ctenoid-like scales lacking spines

A

Cycloid

83
Q

No dermal bone

Thinner than epidermis

Tough due to collagen connective tissue

With many melanophores

With slime glands

A

Dermis of Agnathans

84
Q

No dermal bone

Surface denticles (placoid scales) present except in chimeras

Thicker than the epidermis

With melanophores (more dorsally)

A

Dermis of Cartilaginous Fishes

85
Q

Cosmoid and ganoid in basal actinopterygians and neopterygians (Polypterus and garpikes)

Cycloid and ctenoid in modern fishes

A

Dermis of Bony Fishes

86
Q

relatively thin but epidermal cells synthesize keratin

As it accumulates, cells die and the stratum corneum is formed which is seldom more than 1 to 2 layers thick to allow cutaneous respiration

Desquamated periodically and is hormonally controlled

Not sloughed off in toads and they just continually pile up

Desquamated periodically and is hormonally controlled

Not sloughed off in toads and they just continually pile up

Highly glandular

Glandular glands aid in survival of land-adapted anurans

Transitional between those that spend more time and more on land

Cornified appendages are rare

A

Amphibian Epidermis

87
Q

loss of bits of outer skin by peeling or shedding or coming off in scales

A

Desquamated

88
Q

Amphibian Epidermal Glands

A

Mostly multicellular mucous or granular glands

89
Q

In Amphibianw, _____ on digits serves as holdfasts in trees or glands on thumbpads during breeding season serves as restraint for females

A

Glands

90
Q

___________ amphibians have the most number of multicellular glands
Secretions keep the skin moist when they are on land

A

Tailed aquatic

91
Q

Present in toads

Secrete irritating alkaloids which are defensive in nature or pheromones used during breeding

Restricted to a localized area of the body

A

Granular Glands

92
Q

Keratin in amphibians is shown by

A

Aquatic urodeles have thin desiccation-impending stratum of cornified cells

Anurans tadpoles have horny tooth like structures which is shed during metamorphosis

93
Q

Firmly attached to underlying muscles in apodans and urodeles

Anurans have lymph sinuses separating it from muscles

Dermal chromatophores in other species can elicit color change

Bony scales (osteoderms) present in head of caecilians and a few tropical toads at the back

A

Dermis in amphibians

94
Q

Represents the ultimate adaptation of craniate skin for surviving in an arid and hostile environment

With many localized modifications: horny scales, scutes, beaks, rattles, claws, plaques and spiny crests found on the stratum corneum

Granular glands are found in some region only

A

Reptile Epidermis

95
Q

Repetitious thickenings only found in amniotes

Disposed on overlapping folds of the epidermis in squamates where thinning at scale joints allow for movement

Scutes are large, thin, polygonal scales

A

Epidermal Scales

96
Q

the dermis of Reptiles has dermal bone

A

true

97
Q

the dermal bone of turtles

A

carapace, plastron and lateral bridges

98
Q

Soft-shelled and leatherback turtles lack

A

dermal ossification

99
Q

the dermal bone of Crocodiles and some lizards

A

osteoderms in localized regions of the body (gastralia in ventrolateral abdominal wall)

100
Q

the dermal bone of snakes

A

absent

101
Q

Scales only present at the feet and base of the beak

Claws are present on the toes and one or two on digits of the wings

A

Avian Epidermis

102
Q

Glands are generally lacking in avians except:

A

Uropygial glands
Oil glands

103
Q

glands at the tail base for preening

A

Uropygial

104
Q

glands at outer ear canal of domesticated birds

A

Oil glands

105
Q

Prominent swelling at the rump behind the pygostyle
Largest in aquatic birds and in domestic fowl
Oil which is water-repellent is used for preening

A

Uropygial gland

106
Q

are found in outer ear canal and sometimes in the vent area

A

Smaller oil glands

107
Q

Feather types

A

down feather
contour feather
filoplume

108
Q

Development of a Feather

A

Dermal Papilla is formed
Feather Primordium is induced
DP becomes vascularized or Feather Follicle develops as FP elongates

from Feather Primordium,
Growth Zone develops at the base of the FF giving rise to the feather sheath
FS splits open as the shaft elongates to full growth

from feather sheath
DP dies when the feather is fully grown and becomes pulp as the Inferior Umbilicus is formed

109
Q

Supports feather follicles and erector, depressor, retractor and rotator muscles

A

Dermis of birds

110
Q

are cornified appendages first developed for insulation and is a modified scale

A

Feathers

111
Q

No osteoderms in birds except for ___________

A

gamecocks

112
Q

Stratum germinativum - basal layer

Stratum granulosum - with keratohyaline

Stratum corneum - highly keratinized
Give rise to scales (armadillos and pangolins), claws (hoofs and flat nails) and horns
Thickest on parts of appendages in contact with surfaces (palms, hooves, feet)

Stratum lucidum - present in palm and sole

A

Mammalian Epidermis

113
Q

Hair are _________
includes horns, pronghorn, antlers, baleen of whales and epidermal scales

A

cornified epidermal appendages

114
Q

________ are present in most mammals and can be modified as nails in primates or hooves in ungulates

A

Claws

115
Q

Epidermal Glands
based on Structure

A

Tubular
-Simple
-Branched
-Coiled
-Compound

Alveolar
-Simple
-Branched
-Compound

116
Q

Epidermal Glands
based on Substance secreted

A

Mucous
Granular
Avian oil
Sebaceous
Sweat
Scent
Mammary

117
Q

Epidermal Glands
based on Mode of elaboration

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

118
Q

Cells of the gland produce secretions by active transport or produce vesicles that contain secretory products, and the vesicles empty their contents into the duct through exocytosis.

A

Merocrine gland

119
Q

secretory products are stored in the cell near the lumen of the duct. A portion of the cell near the lumen containing secretory products is pinched off the cell and joins secretions produced by a merocine process.

A

Apocrine gland

120
Q

Secretory products are stored in the cells of the gland. Entire cells are shed by the gland and become part of the secretion. The lost cells are replaced by other cells deeper in the gland.

A

Holocrine gland

121
Q

Generally absent in tetrapods except in mammals

Lost survival value when skin became covered with cornified cells

Synthesis of mucus will dehydrate craniates that don’t have continuous access to water

A

Mucous Glands

122
Q

Present when there are hairs and sebum is exuded into hair follicles

A

Sebaceous Glands

123
Q

Present when there are hairs and sebum is exuded into hair follicles

A

Ceruminous glands

124
Q

glands that assist in lubrication of conjunctiva of the eye

A

Meibomian glands

125
Q

Sebaceous Glands of mammals

A

Meibomian glands

126
Q

which is an inflamed swelling on the conjunctival surface of the lid is caused by ducts of the Meibomian glands being occluded

A

Chalazion

127
Q

Other sebaceous glands open independent of hair:

A

Lips
Glans penis
Labia minora
Areola

128
Q

Sudoriferous or Sweat Glands in Furry animals

A

feet of cat and mice, lips of rabbits and side of head of bats

129
Q

Sudoriferous or Sweat Glands in pangolins, sirenians, cetaceans and echidnas

A

Absent

130
Q

Sudoriferous or Sweat Glands in Hippopotamus

A

only on the ears

131
Q

example of Sudoriferous or Sweat Glands

A

Ciliary glands is one example

132
Q

Scent Glands

A

anal gland
tarsal gland
temporal gland

133
Q

Compound alveolar glands that develop in both sexes along the milk line
Number and location (axillary, thoracic, abdominal and inguinal) is dependent on the animal species

A

Mammary Glands

134
Q

hormone responsible for milk-let down

A

Oxytocin

135
Q

hormone responsible for milk production

A

prolactin

136
Q

Very thick - hair follicles, erector muscle, numerous glands, connective tissue, vascular tissue, nervous tissue

A

Dermis of mammals

137
Q

examples of dermal bones

A

Dermal bones of armadillos

Antlers and giraffe horns

138
Q

separates the dermis from underlying muscles in mammals

A

Superficial fascia

139
Q

is a type of contour-shaping adipose tissue found in cetaceans to replace hair

A

Blubber

140
Q

bony structure derived from intramembranous ossification forming components of the vertebrate skeleton, including much of the skull, jaws, gill covers, shoulder girdle, fin rays, and the shells of turtles and armadillos.

A

dermal bone or investing bone or membrane bone

COMPANA (10 decks)

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