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COMPANA > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

are contractile and supply force for motility (heat production)

Stimulated by nerve impulses

Final determinants of posture, aid in movement of viscera

A

Muscles

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2
Q

why are muscles Difficult to establish homologies due to

A

Variability in muscle shape
Splitting or merging of muscles
O, I & A may change

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3
Q

Main Functions of muscles

A

Supply force for movement

Acted as movers and levers for every action with the aid of the skeleton

Restrain motion and hold the body in position

Contraction of the viscera

Heat production (temperature regulation)

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4
Q

Classification of Muscles

A

color
location
controlled by the nervous system
embryonic origin
microscopic appearance

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5
Q

Muscles are classified according to their color

A

red and white muscles

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6
Q

This classification has fallen out of favor because such a color distinction alone underestimates the complexity of muscles

A

Muscles are classified according to their color

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7
Q

type of muscles that are classified according to their location

muscles that move bones or cartilages

A

Somatic muscles

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8
Q

type of muscles that are classified according to their location

control the activity of organs, vessels and ducts

A

Visceral muscles

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9
Q

type of muscles that are classified by the way in which they are controlled by the nervous system

A

Voluntary muscles are under immediate conscious control

involuntary muscles are not under immediate conscious control

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10
Q

muscles arise from what three embryonic origins

A

mesenchyme
Paired hypomere
paraxial mesoderm

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11
Q

muscles arise from three embryonic origins

embryonic origins from which smooth muscles within the wall of the blood vessels and some viscera develop

A

mesenchyme

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12
Q

muscles arise from three embryonic origins

embryonic origins that are differentiated into smooth muscle layers of the alimentary tract and its derivatives

A

Paired hypomere

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13
Q

muscles arise from three embryonic origins

embryonic origins that are from which most of the skeletal muscles develop

A

paraxial mesoderm

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14
Q

Types of Muscles that are classified by their general microscopic appearance

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

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15
Q

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

A

Belly
Fascia
Origin and insertion

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16
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscle as to Action

A

Agonist or prime mover
Antagonist
Synergist
Fixator

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17
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscle as to Action
principal mover for specific action

A

Agonist or prime mover

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18
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscle as to Action
for opposite movement

A

Antagonist

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19
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscle as to Action
helps the stabilize the movement of one joint and inhibit undesirable movements

A

Synergist

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20
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscle as to Action
fixes the position of the limb when the movement is occurring

A

Fixator

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21
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

A

Flexors
Extensors
Adductors
Abductors
Pronators
Supinators
Elevators or levators
Depressors
Constrictors
Dilators
Sphincters

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22
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

bend a limb or one part of a limb against another

A

Flexors

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23
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

straighten a limb or one of its component parts

A

Extensors

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24
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

draw a part toward a median line or toward a neighboring part or limb

A

Adductors

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25
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

draw a part away from a median line or from a neighboring part or limb

A

Abductors

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26
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

turn or rotate a part downward on its axis as in the palm of the hand

A

Pronators

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27
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

turn or rotate a part forward and upward on its axis as in the palm of the hand

A

Supinators

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28
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

raise or lift a part as when the lower jaw in closing the mouth

A

Elevators or levators

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29
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

lower or depress a part as when the lower jaw in opening the mouth

A

Depressors

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30
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

draws part together or compress a space such as the pharynx and the abdomen

A

Constrictors

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31
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

widens an opening or a space

A

Dilators

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32
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscles as to Specific Function

contrictors surrounding an opening such as mouth, pylorus and anus

A

Sphincters

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33
Q

Basis in Naming Skeletal Muscles

A

Direction of fibers

Location or position

Number of divisions

Shape

Origin and insertion

Action

Size

Some combination

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34
Q

During muscle evolution, some muscles have fused with one another, others have split into distinct new muscles, some have become reduced in prominence, and other have changed their points of attachment and hence their evolution

A

true

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35
Q

In order to trace the evolution of individual muscle, several criteria for recognizing ___________ muscles must be used

A

homologous

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36
Q

Criteria for Establishing Muscle Homology

A

Attachment similarity

Functional similarity

Similarity in embryonic origin

Innervation similarity

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37
Q

Alterations in Muscles

A

Splitting

Fusion

Reduction in size

Change in point of attachment

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38
Q

Skeletal muscles of the trunk and tail

Extend forward beneath the pharynx as hypobranchial muscles and in amniotes as tongue muscles

Do not include branchiomeric or appendicular muscles

A

Axial Muscles

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39
Q

most evident in fish and aquatic amphibians where the axial muscles are used in locomotion

relating to or consisting of several similar segments or somites characteristics of Axial Muscles

A

Metameric

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40
Q

because of their embryonic origin (arise from segmental mesodermal somites)

Axial Muscles are also described as

A

Segmental

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41
Q

Axial Muscles (9)

A

1 - epaxials (red)
2 - hypaxials
3 - external oblique
4 - internal oblique
5 - transversus abdominis
6 - rectus abdominis
7 - trapezius
8 - dorsalis scapulae
9 - latissimus dorsi

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42
Q

Trunk and Tail Muscles of Fishes

Musculature of the body wall and tail of fishes consists of __________ separated by myosepta to which the longitudinally directed muscle fibers attach

A

myomeres

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43
Q

Trunk and Tail Muscles of Fishes are divided into _______ and ________ portions by a horizontal skeletogenous septum

First and foremost role of this musculature is for locomotion

A

epaxial
hypaxial

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44
Q

Agnathans
Muscular system of lampreys is more primitive than other vertebrates

__________ is lacking, thus the prominent axial musculature is not divided into epaxial and hypaxial divisions

A

lateral septum

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45
Q

Each myotome contributes one muscle segment called ________

A

myomere

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46
Q

Agnathans
The short fibers of the myomeres are inserted on partitions of connective tissues called ___________, which lie between successive myomeres

A

myosepta

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47
Q

Agnathans
The ventral portions of myomeres behind the pharynx turn forward _____ the hypobranchial musculature

A

above

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48
Q

Agnathans
Branchial muscles are not prominent
Muscles encircling the specialized mouth and tongue are _____ but not _______ with muscles of higher vertebrates

A

prominent

homologous

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49
Q

Gnathostomous Fishes
Musculature of jawed fishes is more advanced but less complex than _____

A

tetrapods

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50
Q

Gnathostomous Fishes
Strong axial muscles ________ and tail from side to side during swimming

A

flex the spine

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51
Q

Gnathostomous Fishes
Myomeres become __________ to extend the action of each myomere over several vertebrae and to assure that muscle fibers can all shorten at equal rates

A

more angled (zig-zag shaped) and are molded into interlocking cones

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52
Q

Gnathostomous Fishes
Epaxial muscles continue to the skull as __________

A

epibranchial muscles

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53
Q

Gnathostomous Fishes
Strap-like ___________ extend from the pectoral girdle to the visceral arches

Serve to open the jaws and pull the gills downward and backward

Evolved from the hypaxial muscles retaining the longitudinal orientation of fibers

A

hypobranchial muscles

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54
Q

Trunk and Tail Muscles of Tetrapods
As the limbs take over the propulsive role, the limb muscles _______ and the axial musculature _______ and become more related to the skeleton for dorsoflexion and ventroflexion of the spine

A

enlarge

decreases

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55
Q

Trunk and Tail Muscles of Tetrapods
what happens to the Myosepta

A

regress and disappear

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56
Q

Trunk and Tail Muscles of Tetrapods
Muscles _________ that span from two to many vertebrae

A

develop long fibers

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57
Q

Trunk and Tail Muscles of Tetrapods
Certain muscles form_______ and other becomes ______

A

sheet-like layers

associated with the pectoral girdle

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58
Q

__________ muscles of amphibians other than anurans are conservative
Myosepta are still present but in vertical orientation instead of angled

A

Epaxial muscles

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59
Q

Epaxials of _________ lack myosepta and become complex
Muscles in the cervical region form layers associated with a flexible neck

A

reptiles and mammals

60
Q

Epaxial muscles of ________ are only prominent in the neck

A

turtles and birds

61
Q

Collectively functions in extending the vertebral column and in lateral flexion of the body

A

Epaxial Muscles of the Trunk

62
Q

Epaxial Muscles of the Trunk
Divided arbitrarily into four groups:

A

Intervertebrals
Longissimus
Spinales
Iliocostales

63
Q

Epaxial Muscles of the Trunk
Deepest of the epaxial muscles and the only one to retain primitive metamerism

A

Intervertebrals

64
Q

Intervertebrals are Classified based on location:

A

Intertransversarii
Interapinales
Interarcuales
Interarticulares

65
Q

Intervertebrals are Classified based on location:
extend between two successive transverse processes

A

Intertransversarii

66
Q

Intervertebrals are Classified based on location:
extend between two neural spines

A

Interapinales

67
Q

Intervertebrals are Classified based on location:
extend between two neural arches

A

Interarcuales

68
Q

Intervertebrals are Classified based on location:
extend between two successive zygapophyses

A

Interarticulares

69
Q

is collective term for lumbar intervertebrals grouped with spinales

A

Multifidous spinae

70
Q

Axial Muscles
Occupy lateral position above the transverse processes and individual bundles are named according to their location: capitis, cervicis and dorsi

A

Longissimus

71
Q

Axial Muscles
Named as such because it is the longest epaxial mass

Dominant extensor in mammals and plays no role in mammalian locomotion

The medial bundle continues into the tail as the extensor caudae lateralis

A

Longissimus

72
Q

Axial Muscles
Occupy medial position above the transverse processes and individual bundles are named according to their location: capitis, cervicis and dorsi

A

Spinales

73
Q

Axial Muscles
Connect neural spines or transverse process with neural spines several or many segments cephalad

Chief role is to assist in maintaining stability of the column

A

Spinales

74
Q

Axial Muscles
_______ connect transverse processes with the neural spines of the second vertebrae forward

A

Transversospinales

75
Q

Axial Muscles
Lateral to the longissimus and constitute a thin sheet arising on the ilium and passing forward to insert on the ribs or uncinate processes
Continue forward to the neck but not in the tail

A

Iliocostalis

76
Q

Dominant epaxials in reptiles which allows for ________
Rotates the pectoral girdle and to a lesser degree the pelvic girdle on a vertical axis in crocodiles

A

lateral undulation

77
Q

Similar in all tetrapods and is classified into three groups:

A

Subvertebral group
Rectus abdominis group
Oblique and transverse group

78
Q

Hypaxial Muscles of the Trunk
Similar in all tetrapods and is classified into three groups:

located below the transverse processes of the vertebrae

A

Subvertebral group

79
Q

Hypaxial Muscles of the Trunk
Similar in all tetrapods and is classified into three groups:

runs lengthwise along the ventral body wall between the two girdles

A

Rectus abdominis group

80
Q

Hypaxial Muscles of the Trunk
Similar in all tetrapods and is classified into three groups:

found on the lateral side of the body

A

Oblique and transverse group

81
Q

Form a longitudinal band of fairly powerful flexors of the vertebral column lying beneath the transverse process from the atlas to the pelvis

A

Subvertebral Muscles

82
Q

Subvertebral Muscles in neck of birds and mammals

A

Longus colli

83
Q

Subvertebral Muscles in the lumbar region with an additional psoas minor in mammals

A

Quadratus lumborum

84
Q

Subvertebral Muscles in the spine

A

Ventroflexes

85
Q

Extends longitudinally on either side of the linea alba between the pubic symphysis and the sternum

A

Rectus Abdominis Muscle

86
Q

Rectus Abdominis Muscle is strictly segmental in _____________ and it exhibits irregular transverse tendinous inscriptions in ________

A

urodeles
anurans and amniotes

87
Q

muscle is a slip of muscle in the marsupial pouch and eutherians can either have it as vestigial as species characteristic or as an anomaly

A

Pyramidalis

88
Q

Muscles that have become stratified into superficial and deep layers

Muscle that fibers pass obliquely from origin to insertion

A

Oblique and Transverse Muscles

89
Q

Oblique and Transverse Muscles May either be split in two or lost

A

Aquatic urodeles - external oblique is split into two
Crocodilians and some lizards - all layers consist of two sheets each
Anurans - internal oblique is sometimes missing
Birds - sheet are thin
Turtles - all layers are vestigial

90
Q

is derived from the internal oblique and sometimes the transverse abdominal muscle

Well developed in mammals in which the inguinal canal is open because they retract the testis into the abdominal cavity

Plays a major role in external respiration in most amniotes other than turtles and has an accessory role in mammals

A

Cremaster muscle

91
Q

Oblique and transverse muscles, together with the rectus, ____________ for functions such as egg laying, delivery of mammalian young and emptying of digestive tract

A

supports the abdominal viscera

92
Q

Somites from the level of the developing 3rd to 5th cervical spinal nerves migrate caudad in the somatopleure to invade the embryonic septum transversum

Consists of a central tendon with a pair of semilunar extensions and a muscular portion

Become the major respiratory muscle in mammals

A

Diaphragm

93
Q

Continuation of the epaxial and hypaxial musculature of the trunk

Most evident in urodeles and generalized reptiles

A

Muscles of the Tail

94
Q

Muscles of the Tail
Disruption of the continuity occurs to one degree or another at the level of the pelvis of amniotes generally and especially of

A

birds and mammals

95
Q

Muscles of the Tail
Intervertebrals and multifidous spinae continue as ______ and longissimus continue as _______

A

medial

lateral extensors

96
Q

Muscles of the Tail
Long hypaxial muscle arise from the medial surface and caudal border of the wing of the ilium, from transverse processes of the last lumbar vertebrae or from the sacrum pass into the tail and bend the tail ______________

A

lateral or downward

97
Q

Develop from the upper part of the postotic somites and several of the trunk somites

Lie above the gill region

Elevate the cranium when mouth is open (some fishes and amphibians)

Extension of epaxial muscles of the trunk

A

Epibranchial Muscles

98
Q

From trunk somites that migrated to the floor of the pharynx

Lie below the gill region

Open jaw and expand pharynx during feeding

Cranial extensions of the hypaxial musculature of the tongue

A

Hypobranchial Muscles

99
Q

Hypobranchial Muscles
Sharks

A

Prehyoid - coracomandibularis (extend mandible toward pectoral girdle)
Posthyoid - rectus cervicis, coracohyoideus and coracoarcuals; extend to pectoral girdle

100
Q

Hypobranchial and Tongue Muscles
Extend forward from the coracoid region of the pectoral girdle via coracoarcuales in fishes

inserts on the Meckel’s cartilage

A

Coracomandiburalis

101
Q

Hypobranchial and Tongue Muscles
Extend forward from the coracoid region of the pectoral girdle via coracoarcuales in fishes

insert on the basihyals

A

Coracohyoideus

102
Q

Hypobranchial and Tongue Muscles
Extend forward from the coracoid region of the pectoral girdle via coracoarcuales in fishes

insert on the ventral most segments of the gill cartilages

A

Coracobranchialis

103
Q

Stabilize the hyoid apparatus and larynx in tetrapods and draw these cephalad or caudad: sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid and geniohyoid

A

Hypobranchial and Tongue Muscles

104
Q

Tongue of amniotes is a ________ anchored to the hyoid skeleton and stuffed with hypobranchial muscles

A

mucosal sac

105
Q

The extrinsic tongue muscles are

A

hyoglossus, styloglossus and genioglossus

106
Q

The _________ is an intrinsic tounge muscle which develops in mammals and some reptiles

A

lingualis

107
Q

Those that insert on the girdles, fins or limbs

Most fishes use axial muscle for locomotion as such, the _________ are uncomplicated, exhibit little variety, have little mass and perform a restricted function

A

Appendicular Muscles

108
Q

Appendicular muscles are _________ in agnathans

A

absent

109
Q

Appendicular muscles in jawed fishes have evolved with fins and is divided into a dorsal and ventral group:

A

Dorsal mass of extensors (or abductors or levators) moving the fins upward or forward

Ventral mass of flexor (or adductors or depressors) moving the fins downward or backward

110
Q

Far more complex than those of fishes because of the joints in tetrapod limbs

A

Tetrapods

111
Q

Tetrapods are Divided into two groups depending on their anatomic origins:

A

Extrinsic appendicular muscles
Intrinsic appendicular muscles

112
Q

Tetrapods are Divided into two groups depending on their anatomic origins:

arising on the axial skeleton or fascia of the trunk and inserting on a girdle or limb

A

Extrinsic appendicular muscles

113
Q

Tetrapods are Divided into two groups depending on their anatomic origins:

arising on a girdle or limb and inserting more distally on the limb

A

Intrinsic appendicular muscles

114
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

Dorsal group
the most constant muscle

A

Latissimus dorsi

115
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

Dorsal group

A

Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Levator scapulae ventralis or omotransversarius
Levator scapulae dorsalis
Rhomboideus - found only in crocodilians among living reptiles
Serratus ventralis
Trapezius

116
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

Dorsal group

survivor of the cucullaris muscle of fishes
Originates from neural crest and is a muscle of the pharyngeal arch
Cleidotrapezius, acromiotrapezius and spinotrapezius

A

Trapezius

117
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

Ventral group

the group of skeletal muscles that connect the upper extremities to the anterior and lateral thoracic walls

Subsumed the general term

A

pectoral muscles (pectoralis and supracoracoideus)

118
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

Ventral group

chief adductor

A

Pectoralis

119
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

Ventral group

Pectoral muscles are seen in their primitive state in what order of amphibia

A

urodeles

120
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

Ventral group

Pectoralis ___________ while the ________ elevate the wings in birds

A

depress

supracoracoideus

121
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

Ventral group

_______in mammals became an intrinsic muscle

A

Supracoracoideus

122
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

Dorsal group

A

Deltoideus
- Inserts on the scapula
Spinodeltoideus
Acromiodeltoideus
Teres major
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Triceps brachii long head
Supinator
Extensors of manus

123
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

Ventral group

A

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus (homologous with the supracoracoideus)
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Anconeus
Epitrochleoanconeus
Pronators
Flexors of manus

124
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs

which extends from the clavicle to the humerus or ulna is present in some mammals
Appears to be the continuation of the clavotrapezius in cats

A

Cleidobrachialis

125
Q

Musculature of birds is essentially reptilian
how so?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the wings have been reduced
Weight is borne by the extrinsic muscles of the forelimb and intrinsic muscles of the hindlimbs

126
Q

Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Hind Limbs

Dorsal group

A

Psoas
Iliacus
Pectineus
Quadratus femoris
Rectus femoris - adducts the thigh
Vastus group - extend the leg

Sartorius - longest muscle in humans
Tensor fascia latae

Abducts the thigh
Gluteus
Pyriformis
Gemelli

Tibialis anterior
Peroneus
Extensors of the digits

127
Q

Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Hind Limbs

Ventral Group

A

Obturator - abducts the thigh
Adductor femoris
Caudofemoralis - not locomotor in urodeles but extends its pull in the trunk

Flexors of the leg
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus
Gracilis
Gastrocnemius - extensor
Soleus
Plantaris
Flexors of the digits

128
Q

Somitomeric and Somitic Muscles of the Head

Sharks
closing force, largest and strongest

A

Adductor mandibulae

129
Q

Somitomeric and Somitic Muscles of the Head

Sharks
protracts jaws

A

Preorbitalis

130
Q

Somitomeric and Somitic Muscles of the Head

Sharks
open/close spiracle

A

Spiracularis

131
Q

Somitomeric and Somitic Muscles of the Head

Sharks
prey capture

A

Levator palatoquadrati

132
Q

Somitomeric and Somitic Muscles of the Head

Sharks
compress throat

A

Intermandibularis

133
Q

Somitomeric and Somitic Muscles of the Head

Tetrapods
in mammals they are composed of temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus

A

Adductor mandibulae

134
Q

Somitomeric and Somitic Muscles of the Head

Tetrapods
levator and protractor pterygoidei except mammals

A

Levator palatoquadrati

135
Q

Somitomeric and Somitic Muscles of the Head

Tetrapods
mammalian mylohyoid and cranial digastricus
(pump air into lungs of amphibians)

A

Intermandibularis

136
Q

Muscles of the Hyoid Arch
Sharks
Suspend jaw and compress pharynx

A

Levator hyomandibulae
Dorsal hyoid constrictor
Ventral hyoid constrictor
Interhyoideus

137
Q

Muscles of the Hyoid Arch
Amphibians & Reptiles

A

Ventral hyoid constrictor - sphincter coli
Depressor mandibuli - new muscle in tetrapods

138
Q

Muscles of the Hyoid Arch
Mammals

Ventral hyoid constrictor

A

stapedius

139
Q

Muscles of the Hyoid Arch
Mammals

new muscle for opening jaw

A

Digastricus

140
Q

Muscles of the Hyoid Arch
Mammals

new muscle for opening jaw

A

platysma and facial muscles (for facial expression)

141
Q

Muscles of the Successive Pharyngeal Arches

Sharks

  • raise pharyngeal wall
    Branchial adductors and superficial
  • expand and compress pharynx and gills
  • connect branchial arch segments
A

Cucullaris
constrictors
Interbranchialis

142
Q

Muscles of the Successive Pharyngeal Arches

Amphibians & Reptiles

  • raise pharynx
  • vocalization
A

Cucullaris and levatores arcuum
Dilator laryngis

143
Q

Branchiomeric Muscles

A

Stapedius
temporalis
Cleido-occipitalis
Stylohoideus
Sternomastoideus
Masseter
Cricothyroideus

144
Q

Extrinsic Integumentary Muscles

A

‘Anterioir Auricular
Superior Auricular
Caninus
Platysma

145
Q

Intrinsic Integumentary Muscle

A

Arrector pili muscles

146
Q

there are Electric Organs

A

true

COMPANA (9 decks)

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