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COMPANA > Parade of the Craniates in Time and Taxa > Flashcards

Parade of the Craniates in Time and Taxa Flashcards

1
Q

Major Developmental Synapomorphies of the Craniates

A

Neural crest
Neurogenic placodes

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2
Q

Major Nervous Synapomorphies of the Craniates

A

Skeletal braincase
Complex sense organs
Cranial nerves
Tripartite brain

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3
Q

Major Digestive Synapomorphies of the Craniates

A

Muscularization
Regionalization
Differentiated organs

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4
Q

Major Cardiovascular Synapomorphies of the Craniates

A

Heart
Hemoglobin

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5
Q

are separated from Vertebrata (Craniata) that have a skull

A

subphylum Protochordata

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6
Q

Vertebrates may be divided into

A

Agnatha (jawless) and Gnathostomata (having jaws)

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7
Q

Vertebrates are also divided into

A

Amniota, having an amnion
Anamniota lacking an amnion

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8
Q

having an amnion

A

Amniota

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9
Q

lacking an amnion

A

Anamniota

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10
Q

a thin membrane forming a closed sac about the embryo or fetus of a reptile, bird, or mammal and containing a watery fluid in which the embryo or fetus is immersed

A

amnion

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11
Q

Gnathostomata is subdivided into

A

Pisces with fins and Tetrapoda, usually with two pairs of limbs

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12
Q

Gnathostomata with fins

A

Pisces

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13
Q

Gnathostomata with two pairs of limbs

A

Tetrapoda

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14
Q

Many of these groupings of Chordates are described ass

A

paraphyletic

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15
Q

Some cladistic classifications exclude ____________ from the group Vertebrata because they lack vertebrae, although retaining them in Craniata since they do have a cranium

A

Myxini

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16
Q

Superclass Agnatha
classes

A

Class Myxini
Class Cephalaspidomorph

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17
Q

Superclass Gnathostomata
classes

A

Class Chondrichthyes
Class Sarcopterygii
Class Actinopterygii
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Aves
Class Mammalia

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18
Q

are paraphyletic because they do not contain all of the descendants of recent common ancestor

A

Reptiles

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19
Q

Reptiles, birds and mammals compose a monophyletic clade called

A

Amniota

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20
Q

can only be grouped as amniotes that are not birds or mammals

A

Reptiles

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21
Q

No derived characters that group only ________ to the exclusion of birds and mammals

A

reptiles

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22
Q

Most common recent ancestor is also an ancestor of all remaining vertebrates

A

agnathans (hagfishes and lampreys)

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23
Q

__________ of a phylogenetic tree represent real lineages with geological information

A

branches

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24
Q

has many usages extending beyond what are actually considered fishes today

A

Fish

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25
Q

Aquatic vertebrate with gills, limbs (if present) in the form of fins, and usually with a skin covered in scales of dermal origin

A

modern fish

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26
Q

Do not form a monophyletic group
In an evolutionary sense, can be defined as all vertebrates that are not tetrapods

A

Fishes

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27
Q

Common ancestor of fishes is also an ancestor of __________

Therefore in pure cladistics, would make _______ “fish”- a nontraditional and awkward usage

A

land vertebrates

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28
Q

refers to one or more individuals of one species

A

Fish

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29
Q

refers to more than one species

A

Fishes

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30
Q

Includes the extinct heavily armored ostracoderms and the living hagfishes and lampreys

A

Superclass Agnatha

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31
Q

Until recently, earliest known vertebrate fossils were armored jawless fishes called

Small, heavily armored, jawless and lacked paired fins

A

ostracoderms

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32
Q

ostracoderms are found in the __________ deposits in United States, Bolivia and Australia

A

Late Cambrian

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33
Q

Fossil of an Early Chordate ae

A

Pikaia gracilens

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34
Q

Ostracoderms during the last 10 years, several 530-million-year-old fossils were discovered in the Chengjiang deposits beloning to one or two fishlike vertebrates:

A

Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys

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35
Q

These fossils push back the origin of vertebrates to at least the Early Cambrian period

A

Ostracoderms

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36
Q

Ostracoderms show many vertebrate characteristics including

A

a heart, paired eyes, otic capsules and rudimentary vertebrae

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37
Q

______ is not considered to be a natural evolutionary assemblage

A

Earliest ostracoderms

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38
Q

Ostracoderms
Early group of ostracoderms
Extinct near end of Devonian

A

Heterostracans

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39
Q

Early group of ostracoderms

Represent an awkward design that probably filtered particles from the ocean floor

Sucked in water by muscular pumping

Some believe they may have been able to feed on soft-bodied animals

A

Heterostracans

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40
Q

Ostracoderms
Devonian saw a major diversification of ____________ producing numerous peculiar-looking forms, never evolved jaws or paired fins

A

heterostracans

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41
Q

Ostracoderms

Coexisted with heterostracans

Developed paired pectoral fins that stabilized movement

Jawless, toothless mouth

Sensory lateral line, paired eyes and inner ears with semicircular canals

A

Osteostracans

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42
Q

Ostracoderms

Head was well armored, but lacked axial skeleton or vertebrae
was Cephalapsis

Likely had a sophisticated nervous system and sense organs, similar to those of modern lampreys

A

Osteostracans

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43
Q

Small marine animal covered with a heavy, dermal armor of cellular bone, including a single-piece head shield

A

Cephalapsis

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44
Q

More streamlined than other Ostracoderms

Impressive diversification in Silurian and Devonian periods

Streamlined and more closely resembled modern lamprey

A

Osteostracans

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45
Q

All Ostracoderms became extinct by end of _________

A

Devonian period

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46
Q

For decades strange microscopic tooth-like fossils called __________ have been used to data paleozoic marine sediments without knowing what kind of creature originally possesed these elements

A

Conodonts

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47
Q

Complete ______ animals have been discovered (early 1980s)

Phosphatized toothlike elements, W-shaped myomeres, cranium, notochord, and paired eye and otic capsules

Exact position is not clear though
Important in understanding the evolution of early vertebrates

A

Conodonts

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48
Q

Conodonts clearly indicate they belong to ____________ clade

A

vertebrate clade

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49
Q

Include hagfishes (Class Myxini) and lampreys (Class Cephalaspidomorphi)

Members of both groups lacks jaws, internal ossification, scales or paired fins

Both groups share porelike gill openings and an eel-like body

Recent molecular analysis shows lampreys and hagfishes forming a monophyletic unit

A

Subclass Agnatha

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50
Q

Subclass Agnatha

Entirely marine

Scavengers and predators of annelids, molluscs, dead or drying fishes, etc.

Enters dead or dying animal through orifice or by digging inside using keratinized plates or tongue

Nearly blind and locate food by an acute sense of smell and touch

Special glands along body secrete fluid that becomes slimy in contact with seawater

A

Class Myxini

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51
Q

Class Myxini

To provide leverage, ties _____ and passes it forward to press against prey

A

knot in tail

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52
Q

Class Myxini

Body fluids are in __________ with seawater

A

osmotic equilibrium

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53
Q

Class Myxini

Circulatory system includes _________ in addition to a heart behind gills

A

three accessory hearts

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54
Q

class
Half of species belong to nonparasitic brook-dwelling species

A

Class Cephalaspidomorphi

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55
Q

All lampreys in Northern Hemisphere belong to the

A

family Petromyzontidae

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56
Q

Marine lamprey __________ occurs on both Atlantic coastlines and grows to a length of one meter

A

Petromyzon marinus

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57
Q

Eggs hatch in two weeks into ammoceotes larvae

A

Class Petromyzontida

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58
Q

Class Petromyzontida

Lives first on yolk supply and drifts downstream to burrow into sandy areas

Suspension-feeder until it metamorphoses into an adult

Change to an adult involves eruption of eyes, keratinized teeth replacing the hood, enlargement of fins, maturation of gonads and modification of gill openings

A

ammoceotes larvae

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59
Q

Class Petromyzontida
Other species remain in freshwater

Attach to a fish by a sucker-like mouth

Sharp teeth rasp through flesh as they suck fluids

Marine, ________ migrate to the sea (catadromous life cycle)

A

Parasitic Lampreys

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60
Q

Parasitic Lampreys Inject _______ into a wound
When, lamprey drops off but wound may be fatal to fish

A

anticoagulant

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61
Q

Class Petromyzontida life cycle

A

Parasitic freshwater adults live 1–2 years before spawning and dying

Anadromous forms live 2–3 years

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62
Q

lampreys that do not feed
Digestive tract degenerates as an adult
They spawn and die

A

Nonparasitic lampreys

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63
Q

Development of jaws in primitive fishes

Derived from the pharyngeal arches for prey-grasping and biting

Possess two paired fins or paired limbs

Enjoyed more active life

A

Gnathostomes

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63
Q

Gnathostomes class

Present during the Paleozoic

Represent the sister group to chondrichthyes and telosts which evolved from ostracoderms

Had paired pectoral and pelvic fins

A

Class Placodermi

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64
Q

Class Placodermi
Have heavy bony shields covering the head and gill region and another one for the trunk

Shields met in moveable joints

Body is either with small scales or naked

Appeared to be active predators

A

Arthrodires

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65
Q

Class Placodermi
Small armored placoderms with eyes on top of the head and a flattened belly

Suggested they are bottom feeders

Flourished up until the Devonian but diminished shortly thereafter

A

Antiarchs

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66
Q

Placoderm genus

A

arctolepsis
phyllolepsis
gemuendina
coccosteus
lunaspis
rhamphodopsis
bothriolepsis

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67
Q

About 970 living species

Smaller and more ancient group

Well-developed sense organs, powerful jaws, and predaceous habits helped them survive

True bone is completely absent throughout the class

Phosphatized mineral tissues retained in teeth, scales, and spines

A

Class Chondrichthyes

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68
Q

Subclass Elasmobrancii orders

A

Order Carcharhiniformes
Order Lamniformes
Order Squaliformes
Order Rajiformes
Order Myliobatiformes

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69
Q

Subclass Elasmobrancii
contains the coastal tiger and bull sharks and the hammerhead

A

Order Carcharhiniformes

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70
Q

Subclass Elasmobrancii
contains large, pelagic sharks such as the white and mako shark

A

Order Lamniformes

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71
Q

Subclass Elasmobrancii
contains dogfish sharks

A

Order Squaliformes

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72
Q

Subclass Elasmobrancii
contain skates

A

Order Rajiformes

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73
Q

Subclass Elasmobrancii
contains several groups of rays (stingrays, manta rays, etc.)

A

Order Myliobatiformes

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74
Q

Subclass Elasmobranchii
are among the most gracefully streamlined of fishes
Mouth opens into large pharynx, containing openings to gill slits and spiracles

Short esophagus runs to stomach

Liver and pancreas discharge into short, straight intestine

Fertilization is internal

Maternal support of embryo is variable

A

Sharks

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75
Q

shark body

A

Body is fusiform

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76
Q

shark Thrust and lift provided by an asymmetrical

A

heterocercal tail

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77
Q

shark Fins include

A

Paired pectoral and pelvic fins
One or two median dorsal fins
One median caudal fin
Sometimes a median anal fin

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78
Q

In male sharks, the medial part of the pelvic fin is modified to form a ________ used in copulation

A

clasper

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79
Q

sharks have ____________ are associated with olfaction

A

Paired nostrils

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80
Q

sharks have Lateral eyes are lidless and behind each eye is a ___________ - remnant of the first gill slit

A

spiracle

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81
Q

sharks have Tough, leathery skin with _______ - reduce water turbulence

A

placoid scales

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82
Q

Sharks Prey can also be located from long distances sensing low frequency vibrations in the _________ - consists of neuromasts in interconnected tubes and pores on side of body

A

lateral line

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83
Q

Electroreceptors, the_______, are located on the shark’s head

A

ampullae of Lorenzini

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84
Q

Sharks have Upper and lower jaws equipped with sharp, triangular teeth that are _______

A

constantly replaced

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85
Q

sharks have _________slows passage of food and increases absorptive area

A

Spiral valve in intestine

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86
Q

eggs hatch outside the mother’s body

A

Oviparous

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87
Q

the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

A

Ovoviviparous

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88
Q

the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood

A

Viviparous

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89
Q

Horny capsule encasing eggs laid by some oviparous species

A

Mermaid’s purse

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90
Q

Subclass Elasmobranchii

More than half of elasmobranchs are
Most specialized for

Respiratory water enters through large spiracles on top of the head

A

rays

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91
Q

rays have Teeth adapted for ______ prey
Molluscs, crustaceans, and sometimes small fish

A

crushing

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92
Q

Subclass Elasmobranchii
Have whiplike tail with spines and venom glands

A

Stingrays

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93
Q

Subclass Elasmobranchii
Have large electric organs on each side of head

A

Electric rays

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94
Q

subclass
Fossil chimaeras

A

Subclass Holocephali

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95
Q

Subclass Holocephali

First occurred in the Mississippian period, reached a zenith in the Cretaceous and early Tertiary, and then declined

A

Fossil chimaeras

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96
Q

Class chondrichthyes
Subclass

Mouth lacks teeth
Equipped with large flat plates for crushing food
Upper jaw fused to the cranium
Feed on molluscs, echinoderms, crustaceans, and fish
Scales are absent

A

Subclass Holocephali

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97
Q

class
Well represented in the Devonian

Became extinct by the lower Permian

Resemble bony fish but have heavy spines on all fins except the caudal fin

Probably the sister group of bony fishes

A

Class Acanthodii

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98
Q

class
Stout hollow spines were associated with the median and paired fins

Some species have additional paired spines extending along the lateral body wall

Body was covered with armor consisting of small scaled

The head is covered with dermal plates

Skeleton consisted of bone and cartilage

A

Class Acanthodii

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99
Q

Class Acanthodii

Have a large ___________ overlying the gill slits
Primitively consisting of elongate scaled with ancillary gill covered followed by a derived single opercular cover

A

operculum

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100
Q

Class Acanthodii
species

A

parexus
ischnacanthus

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101
Q

Bony Fishes
Specialization of jaw musculature improved feeding

A

Osteichthyes

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102
Q

In early to middle Silurian, a lineage of fishes with _________ gave rise to a clade that contains 96% of living fishes and all living tetrapods

A

bony endoskeletons

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103
Q

3 features unite bony fishes and tetrapod descendants

A

Endochondral bone replaces cartilage during development

Lung or swim bladder is present
Evolved as an extension of gut

Have several cranial and dental characters unique to clade

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104
Q

Evolved as an extension of gut if bony fish

A

swim bladder

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105
Q

Do not define a natural group and is a term of convenience rather than a valid taxon

Bony operculum and branchiostegal rays associate them with acanthodians

Operculum increased respiratory efficiency
Helped draw water across gills

A

Bony Fishes

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106
Q

Bony Fishes have _________ off the esophagus
Helped in buoyancy and also in hypoxic waters

A

Gas-filled structure

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107
Q

In fishes that use these pouches for respiration - pouches are called

A

lungs

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108
Q

In fishes that use these pouches for buoyancy - pouches are called

A

swim bladders

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109
Q

By the middle Devonian, bony fishes developed into 2 major lineages

A

class Actinopterygii
class Sarcopterygii

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110
Q

Class
Ray-finned fishes
radiated to form modern bony fishes

A

class Actinopterygii

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111
Q

Class
Lobe-finned fishes
include lungfishes and the coelacanth

A

class Sarcopterygii

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112
Q

Consist ancient and modern bony fishes whose membranous fins are supported by slender fin rays radiating from basal skeletal elements within the body wall - fins are not lobed

Gill slits are covered by a bony operculum

Air sac or swim bladder is usually present

Internal nares are lacking

A

Class Actinopterygii

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113
Q

Class Actinopterygii, Paleozoic era

Bony dermal armor and scales were overlain with a form of enamel called

A

ganoin

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114
Q

Class Actinopterygii
Paleozoic era
Caudal fins are ___________ like sharks

A

heterocercal

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115
Q

Class Actinopterygii
Paleozoic era
Bony dermal armor and scales were overlain with a form of enamel called

A

ganoin

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116
Q

Both traits have disappeared in more recent species in Class Actinopterygii, which are

A

ganoin
heterocercal tail

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117
Q

Class Actinopterygii

A

Can be divided into basal group and Neopterygii

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118
Q

Class Actinopterygii

Earliest forms

Small, had large eyes, a heterocercal caudal tail, and interlocking scales with an outer layer of ganoin

Single dorsal fin and numerous bony rays derived from scales stacked end to end

Fossils have been found as early as the late Silurian

Flourished throughout the late Paleozoic

Distinct from lobe-finned fishes and saw the ostracoderms, etc. decline

A

Palaeoniscids

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119
Q

Class Actinopterygii
In the clade Cladista
Have lungs, heavy ganoid scales, and other characteristics similar to the palaeoniscids
16 species of which all live in the freshwaters of Africa

A

Bichirs

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120
Q

Class Actinopterygii
27 species of freshwater and anadromous sturgeons and paddlefishes
Dam construction, overfishing, and pollution have led to their decline

A

Chondrosteons

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121
Q

Class Actinopterygii
Appeared in late Permian and diversified extensively during the Mesozoic

One lineage gave rise to the modern bony fishes: Teleost

A

Neopterygians

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122
Q

modern bony fishes:

A

Teleost

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123
Q

3 surviving early neopterygians are the

all gulp air and use the vascularized swim bladder to supplement gills

A

bowfin, gars and Atractosteus

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124
Q

Class Actinopterygii
Order:
Dermal scales have become very thin and flexible

Dermal bones of the skull are generally thinner and more numerous that in other bony fishes

Jaws and palate have become more independently maneuverable

Pelvic fins is more forward

A

Teleosts

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125
Q

Teleosts example

A

Blue marlin

Mudskipper

Lionfish

Sharksucker

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126
Q

Have an internal nares that open into the oropharyngeal cavity

Retain a gas-filled air sac

Gill slits are covered by a bony operculum that grows caudad from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

The Pre-Devonian ancestors are unknown

Lobed fins

A

Class Sarcopterygians

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127
Q

Ancestor of tetrapods
Group of extinct sarcopterygian fishes called

A

rhipdistians

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128
Q

Class Sarcopterygians
Had lungs, gills, and a heterocercal-type tail
During the Paleozoic, tail became a symmetrical diphycercal tail
Had powerful jaws, heavy, enameled scales, and strong, fleshy, paired lobed fins

A

Early sarcopterygians

129
Q

Sarcopterygians
Two major clades: represented by ____ that are living

A

8 fish species

130
Q

Sarcopterygians: two major cladess and the speciess under it

A

Actinistia: coelocanths (2 species)
Rhipdistia: lungfishes (Dipnoi) (6 species)

131
Q

Sarcopterygians
flourished in late Paleozoic and then became extinct
Include ancestors of tetrapods

A

Rhipidistians

131
Q

Sarcopterygians
Rhipidistians and the coelacanth were termed ________: polyphyletic group no longer used

A

crossopterygian

132
Q

Arose in the Devonian, radiated, reached a peak in the Mesozoic, and dramatically declined

Thought to be extinct 70 million years, a specimen was dredged up in 1938

More were caught off coast of the Comoro Islands and in Indonesia

Living ______ is a descendant of Devonian freshwater stock

A

Coelacanth

133
Q

Tail is diphycercal with a small lobe between the upper and lower caudal lobes

Young ________ born fully formed after hatching from eggs up to 9 cm in diameter

A

Coelacanth

134
Q

Sarcopterygians
Skeletal elements of fin lobes corresponds to proximal skeletal elements of early tetrapod limbs

Skull was similar with that of early amphibians

Had air sacs that are probably used occasionally as lungs

Most had internal nares

A

Rhipdistians

135
Q

Sarcopterygians
unlike close relatives, rely on gill respiration and cannot survive long out of water
(lung fish)

A

Australian lungfishes

136
Q

Sarcopterygians
can live out of water for long periods of time
(lung fish)

A

South American and African lungfish

137
Q

class
are the only living vertebrates that have a transition from water to land in both their ontogeny and phylogeny

A

Class Amphibia

138
Q

Class Amphibia
was the oldest and were swamp-dwelling animals

Had minute bony scales in the dermis of the skin

Fishlike tail is supported by dermal fin rays

Skulls similar to those of rhipidistian fishes

A

Ichthyostega

139
Q

Subclass of Ichthyostega

A

Subclass Labyrinthodontia

140
Q

Class Amphibia
subclass :
Has a sensory canal system or neuromast organs which monitors aquatic environment

Size can range from the size of a newt to ta crocodile

Other species lack limbs, and other with bizarre large triangular skulls

A

Subclass Labyrinthodontia

141
Q

Subclass Labyrinthodontia
Have skeletal similarities to modern frogs and salamanders

Suggests that Lissamphibia evolved and the results of heterochronic processes

Skeletal features of lissamphibians can be explained by retention of juvenile characteristics

A

Temnospondyls

142
Q

Subclass Labyrinthodontia
Diverse group from the Penssylvanian to the Lower Permian

Share skeletal features with caecilians
Can either be convergence
Close relationship

A

Microsaurs

143
Q

Subclass
Includes three groups of extant species:
Apoda - caecilians
Urodela - tailed amphibians
Anura - frogs, toads and tree toads

Includes also Triassic and Jurassic anurans whose skeletons resemble toads and frogs

A

Subclass Lissamphibia

144
Q

Subclass Lissamphibia
Includes three groups of extant species:

A

Apoda - caecilians
Urodela - tailed amphibians
Anura - frogs, toads and tree toads

145
Q

Subclass Lissamphibia
Order

Caecilians

Elongate, limbless, burrowing animals in swampy locations

Bodies have many vertebrae, long ribs, no limbs, and terminal anus

Eyes are buried beneath the bones of the skull

Some species have minute scales in their dermis

Vent is almost at the end of the body

Feed primarily on worms and small underground invertebrates

Fertilization is internal
Male has a protrusible copulatory organ

A

Order Gymnophiona (Apoda)

145
Q

Subclass Lissamphibia
Order

Salamanders

Most are small, under 15 cm long with the Japanese giant salamander being 1.5 meters long

Limbs usually at right angles to trunk

Forelimbs and hindlimbs about equal in length

Burrowing species and some aquatic forms may have lost their limbs

Ectotherms with a low metabolic rate

Some aquatic throughout life cycle

Most have aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults

Internal fertilization in most

A

Order Urodela (Caudata)

146
Q

Order Urodela is ___________ as both larvae and adults

Feed on worms, small arthropods, and molluscs

A

Order Urodela (Caudata)

147
Q

any so-called cold-blooded animal

A

ectotherm

148
Q

Order Urodela

Female recovers in cloaca a _________ deposited on a leaf or stick

A

spermatophore

149
Q

male reproductive structures that package sperm cells to aid in their transmission to females during mating in a variety of invertebrate animals

A

spermatophore

150
Q

Subclass Lissamphibia
Order

Aquatic species lay eggs in clusters or stringy masses

Completely terrestrial species deposit eggs in small, grape-like clusters under logs or in soft earth

Terrestrial species undergo direct development
Hatch as miniature adults

A

Order Urodela (Caudata)

151
Q

mudpuppy vs axolotl

A

Axolotls can change their colors as a form of camouflage, while the common mudpuppy has a brown coloration

152
Q

Subclass Lissamphibia
Order
Frogs and toads

Dates from Triassic period, 250 million years ago

Must live near water source
Reproduction mode requires water
Skin is water-permeable skin

Ectothermy

All have a tailed larval stage and tailless, jumping adults (except for 1 species)

A

Order Anura (Salientia)

153
Q

_____ prevents anurans from inhabiting polar and subarctic habitats

A

Ectothermy

154
Q

Subclass Lissamphibia
Order
Eggs of most hatch into tadpoles with a long, finned tail, no legs, internal and external gills and specialized mouthparts for (usually) herbivorous feeding

Tadpoles look and act entirely different from adult frogs

A

Order Anura (Salientia)

155
Q

condition never occurs in frogs and toads

A

Perennibranchiate

156
Q

is the condition of an organism retaining branchae, or gills, through life. This condition is generally said of certain amphibia, such as the mudpuppy. The term is opposed to caducibranchiate.

A

Perennibranchiate

157
Q

________ families of frogs and toads

A

44

158
Q

Family
Contains the common larger frogs in North America

A

Family Ranidae

159
Q

Family
Includes the tree frogs

A

Family Hylidae

160
Q

Family
(true toads)
Contains toads with thicker skins and prominent warts

A

Family Bufonidae

161
Q

Order Anura (Salientia) example species

A

bullfrog
green tree frog
American toad
Goliath frog
gray tree frog
African clawed frog

162
Q

Order of extinct reptile-like amphibians

Include all non-amniote labyrinthodont reptile-like amphibians

A

Anthracosaurs

163
Q

Single, monophyletic lineage of Paleozoic tetrapods

Nonavian reptiles, birds, and mammals

A

Amniotes

164
Q

Developing young enclosed by extraembryonic membrane called the __________
Secretes fluid, amniotic fluid, in which embryo/fetus floats

A

amnion

165
Q

Extraembryonic Membranes:

A

Amnion
Allantois
Yolk sac
Chorion

166
Q

Extraembryonic Membranes:
Encloses the embryo in fluid-filled space
Cushions the embryo and provides an aqueous medium for growth

A

Amnion

167
Q

Extraembryonic Membranes:
Stores metabolic wastes

A

Allantois

168
Q

Extraembryonic Membranes:
Nutrient storage

A

Yolk sac

169
Q

Extraembryonic Membranes:
Surrounds embryo and all other extraembryonic membranes
Lies just beneath shell
Highly vascularized
Respiratory surface

A

Chorion

170
Q

Extraembryonic Membranes:
Allantois and chorion sometimes fuse to form respiratory structure:

A

chorioallantoic membrane

171
Q

Amniotes arose from amphibian-like tetrapods, the _________, during the Carboniferous

A

anthracosaurs

172
Q

By the late Carboniferous, skulls of amniotes could be separated into groups based on three patterns of openings (fenestra) in the temporal region: _____________
These openings are associated with large muscles that elevate the lower jaw

A

anapsids, diapsids and synapsids

173
Q

Types of Amniote skull

A

anapsids
synapsid
diapsid
euryapsid

174
Q

Members of the paraphyletic class __________ includes nearly 8000 species

The Age of Reptiles lasted over 165 million years and included the dinosaurs

A mass extinction occurred at the end of the Mesozoic

Ectotherms like the fishes and amphibians

Parapineal glands in other organisms for thermoregulation

A

Class Reptilia (Sauropsida)

175
Q

Modern reptiles represent surviving lineages

A

Tuatara
Lizards and snakes

176
Q

Class Reptilia
is the sole survivor of a group that otherwise disappeared 100 million years ago

A

Tuatara

177
Q

Class
Body is covered with thick cornified epidermal cells in plaques, shields, or scales
Impervious to water resulting in water conservation

Pelvic girdle articulates with two sacral vertebrae

Digits are supplied with claws

A

Class Reptilia (Sauropsida)

178
Q

new kidney of Class Reptilia

A

Metanephros

179
Q

Class Reptilia
Heart is partially or completely divided into right and left chambers
Has _________ circuit

A

pulmonary and systemic

180
Q

Class Reptilia
Clade ____________
Includes the birds, crocodilians, and the extinct dinosaurs and pterosaurs

A

Archosauria

181
Q

Archosaurs along with their sister group the lepidosaurs (lizards and snakes), and turtles form a monophyletic group that cladists call __________

A

Reptilia

182
Q

refers to a paraphyletic group that includes the living turtles, lizards, snakes, tuataras, and crocodilians, and a number of extinct groups including plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs

A

nonavian reptiles

183
Q

Class Reptilia
Subclass _____________
Have a skull with no temporal opening behind the orbits

There is no temporal fossa but there is a deep cavitation on each side of the midline

A

Anapsida

184
Q

Primitive condition exhibited by basal reptiles and __________
__________ which diverse from another anapsid are the sole living members of group

A

Chelonia (modern turtles), Turtles

185
Q

Class Reptilia
Order ________________
Stem reptiles

Resemble the most primitive extinct amphibians

A

Captorhinida

186
Q

Class Reptilia
Order ________________
Fossils appear in the Upper Triassic, 220 million years ago

Shells consist of a dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron
Outer horny layer of keratin and an inner layer of bone
Bony layer is a fusion of ribs, vertebrae, and dermally-ossified elements
Unique among vertebrates, limbs and limb girdles are located deep to the ribs
Lack teeth and use tough, horny plates for gripping food

A

Order Testudinata(Chelonia)

187
Q

Order Testudinata(Chelonia) example species

A

common snapping turtle
Galapagos tortoise
alligator snapping turtle
green sea turtle

188
Q

Class Reptilia
Gave rise to all other traditional “reptiles” (except turtles) and to birds
Skull has two temporal openings

A

Diapsids

189
Q

Class Reptilia
Two clades of Diapsids

A

Lepidosauromorpha
Archosauromorpha

190
Q

Diapsids
Lepidosauromorpha
Ichthyosaurs and living reptiles, including lizards and snakes

A

Lepidosauria

191
Q

Diapsids
Lepidosauromorpha
includes extinct aquatic groups including the long-necked plesiosaurs

A

Sauropterygia

192
Q

Diapsids
Archosauromorpha
includes dinosaurs, living crocodilians, and birds

A

Archosauria

193
Q

Subclass
Contains two extant groups:
Rhynchocephalians
Squamates

A

Lepidosauria

194
Q

Subclass Lepidosauria
primitive but with different type of scales, teeth and internal morphology
Retain the ancestral diapsid skull

A

Rhynchocephalians

195
Q

Subclass Lepidosauria
modern lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians
Diapsid skull with adaptive modifications

A

Squamates

196
Q

Subclass Lepidosauria
Order
Lizard-like and live in burrows often shared with sea birds called petrels

Slow growing and may live to 77 years of age

Skull nearly identical to diapsid skulls of 200 million years ago

Well-developed median parietal eye buried beneath skin

A

Order Rhynchocephalia

197
Q

class reptilia
Order Rhynchocephalia
represents one of the slowest rates of evolution known among vertebrates

diversified modestly in the early Mesozoic but then declined

Once widespread across New Zealand, the 2 species are now restricted to small islands

A

Sphenodon /tuatara

198
Q

Only _____ living species of tuatara in New Zealand represent this ancient lineage

A

2

199
Q

class reptilia
Order Rhynchocephalia
Loss of the _________ populations caused by human introduction of nonnative species which preyed upon the __________
___________ are vulnerable because they have slow growth and reproductive rates

A

Sphenodon /tuatara

200
Q

class reptilia
Order
Most recent and diverse of diaspids

Account for up 95% of living nonavian reptiles

A

Order Squamata

201
Q

class reptilia
appeared in the fossil record in the Permian but did not diversify until the Cretaceous

A

Lizards

202
Q

class reptilia
appeared in the late Cretaceous from a group whose descendants include monitor lizards

A

Snakes

203
Q

class reptilia
Order
Diaspid skulls have lost dermal bone ventral and posterior to lower temporal opening

Allowed evolution in lizards of a kinetic skull with movable joints

The quadrate, fused to the skull in other nonavian reptiles, has a joint at the dorsal end and articulates with the lower jaw

A

Order Squamata

204
Q

class reptilia
Order

Joints in palate and across roof of the skull allow snout to be tilted Allows _______ to seize and manipulate prey and effectively close the jaw with force

Some are blind, some have spectacles (transparent eyelid)

Nictitating membrane is present

Teeth are in sockets

A

Order Squamata

205
Q

class reptilia
Suborder Sauria
Diverse group with terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal, and some aerial members
Some have degenerate limbs

A

Lizards

206
Q

class reptilia
Suborder Sauria:
Small, agile, nocturnal forms
Adhesive toe pads allow them to walk on ceilings

A

Geckos

207
Q

class reptilia
Suborder Sauria:
Include many New World lizards as well as the marine iguana of the Galápagos

A

Iguanids

208
Q

class reptilia
Suborder Sauria:
Arboreal lizards of Africa and Madagascar
Many have an extendible tongue

A

Chameleons

209
Q

Movable eyelids whereas snakes have a __________ covering

A

transparent

210
Q

Nocturnal geckos have retinas with only ________

A

rods

211
Q

Day-active lizards have both ___________ in retinas

A

rods and cones

212
Q

lizards Have an __________ that snakes lack

A

external ear

213
Q

Geckos use __________ to announce territory and drive away males

A

vocal signals

214
Q

class reptilia
Suborder Sauria:

highly specialized for a fossorial (burrowing) life
Until recently, were placed in a separate suborder, ___________ because they appeared to be so different from other lizards - morphological and molecular data show they are highly modified lizards

A

amphisbaenians or “worm lizards”

215
Q

class reptilia
Suborder Sauria:

Have elongate, cylindrical bodies of nearly uniform diameter and lack any trace of limbs
Eyes are usually hidden below skin and there are no external ear openings
Skull is conical or spade-shaped to assist in tunneling

A

amphisbaenians or “worm lizards”

216
Q

Suborder Sauria: Lizards examples

A

flat-headed rock agama
central bearded dragon
Jackson’s chameleon
gecko
Prognathodon
thorny devil
Komodo dragon
legless Rhineura
anoles

217
Q

Suborder
Limbless and have lost pectoral and pelvic girdles (except in pythons)

The many vertebrae are shorter and wider than in other tetrapods, allowing undulation

Elevation of the neural spine gives the musculature more leverage

Skin is infolded between scales
When stretched by a large meal, the skin is unfolded

A

Serpentes: Snakes

218
Q

Suborder Serpentes: Snakes
allows them to eat prey several times their own diameter

Two halves of lower jaw are loosely joined, allowing them to spread apart
Skull bones also loosely articulated so mouth can accommodate large prey

A

Highly kinetic skull

219
Q

allows breathing in Suborder Serpentes: Snakes

A

tracheal opening is extended

220
Q

Suborder Serpentes: Snakes
Pair of pits in the roof of the mouth
Lined with olfactory epithelium
Forked tongue collects scent particles and conveys them to this organ

A

Jacobson’s organs

221
Q

Suborder Serpentes: Snakes
Eyeballs have reduced mobility and a permanent ___________ for protection

A

corneal membrane

222
Q

Most snakes have poor vision
Can feel vibrations at low frequencies, especially vibrations carried in the ground

A

true
true

223
Q

___________ snakes have highly developed vision

A

Arboreal

224
Q

snakes Lack _________ and do not respond to most aerial sounds

A

external ears

225
Q

Suborder Serpentes: Snakes example species

A

coast garter snake
Barbados snake
Indian cobra

226
Q

snakes use __________ rather than vision or hearing are main senses used to hunt prey

A

Chemical senses

227
Q

Red on Yellow kills a Fellow

A

coral snake

228
Q

Red on Black friend of Jack

A

milk snake

229
Q

class reptilia
Subclass

Marine reptiles that are contemporaries of the dinosaurs

Had a dorsal temporal fossa on each side of the skull

might have been a result of evolutionary convergence

A

Euryapsida

230
Q

Subclass Euryapsida examples

A

ichthyosaurs
pleiosaurs

231
Q

class reptilia
Subclass
Defined as the group of all descendants from the common ancestor for crocodiles and birds

Were the dominant land craniates during the Mesozoic

Modern crocodilians and birds are the only survivors of the archosaurian lineage

A

Subclass Archosauria

232
Q

class reptilia
Order
The stem archosaurs

Teeth set in deep pockets

Had pneumatic bones

With long neck and tail

Extinct

A

Order Thecodontia

233
Q

class reptilia
Order
Clade gave rise to the Mesozoic diversification of dinosaurs and to birds

Modern crocodilians differ little from primitive crocodilians of the early Mesozoic

All have long, well-reinforced skull and jaw musculature for a powerful bite

Have a complete secondary palate, a feature only shared with mammals

Four-chambered heart

A

Crocodilia

234
Q

There are 3 families of modern crocodilians

A

Alligators and caimans

Crocodiles

gavial

235
Q

There are 3 families of modern crocodilians

are found primarily in the New World and have a broader snout

A

Alligators and caimans

236
Q

There are 3 families of modern crocodilians
are widely distributed

A

Crocodiles

237
Q

There are 3 families of modern crocodilians
One species of _________ occurs in India and Burma and has a very narrow snout

A

gavial

238
Q

Order Crocodilia
teeth are set in sockets

A

Thecodont dentition

239
Q

Alligators and crocodiles are ______
Usually 20–50 eggs are laid in mass of vegetation
Unguarded nests are easily discovered and raided by predators

A

oviparous

240
Q

Order Crocodilia
High nest temperatures produce ___________
Low temperatures produce ________
Can result in females outnumbering males 5 to 1

A

males
females

241
Q

Crocodiles vs. Alligators
Only the teeth of the upper jaw are exposed along the lower jaw line
4th tooth is hidden

A

Alligators

242
Q

Crocodiles vs. Alligators
The teeth are exposed all along the jaw line in an interlocking pattern - even when the mouth is closed

They also have an enormous 4th tooth on the lower jaw that is accommodated by depressions in the upper jaw just behind the nostrils

A

Crocodiles

243
Q

class reptilia
Order

Extinct group of flying archosaurs

Had pneumatic bones like birds but wings are more like those of the bats

With an elongated fourth finger

A

Order Pterosauria

244
Q

Dinosaurs are divided into two by the structure of their ___________

A

pelvic girdles

245
Q

class reptilia
Suborder
Dinosaurs that are mostly predators

A

Saurischians

246
Q

class reptilia
Suborder
Dinosaurs that are mostly herbivores

A

ornithischians

247
Q

class reptilia
Subclass

Mammal-like reptiles

One lateral temporal fossa
has 2 orders

A

Synapsida

248
Q

class reptilia
Subclass Synapsida
order
Early synapids

A

Order Pelycosauria

249
Q

class reptilia
Subclass Synapsida
order
Late synapsids
Mammalian precursors

A

Order Therapsida

250
Q

Class

Over 9,700 species have been described worldwide

Only fishes have more species among vertebrates

inhabit all biomes, from mountains to prairies, on all oceans, and from the North to the South Pole

Some live in dark caves, and some dive to 45 meters depth

A

Class Aves

251
Q

Some live in dark caves, and some dive to 45 meters depth

A

“bee” hummingbird

252
Q

is the unique and essential feature or hallmark of birds

A

feather

253
Q

Some feathers were also present in some ___________ - these feathers were not capable of supporting flight
Obviously served in other capacities such as thermoregulation or mating behavior
Also serves as protective coloration in other species

A

theropod dinosaurs

254
Q

Forelimbs are modified as wings, although not all are capable of flight

Hindlimbs are adapted for walking, swimming or perching

All have horny, keratinized beaks

All lay eggs

A

birds

255
Q

birds and non-avian reptiles similarities

A

Skulls that abut the first neck vertebra by a single ball-and-socket joint
Single middle ear bone, the stapes
Lower jaw consisting of five or six bones
Excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid
Similar yolked eggs
Embryo develops on surface by shallow cleavage patterns

256
Q

Adaptation for Flight

A

With feathers and wings

Bones lack ventral marrow or became hollow with extensions from the air sacs to become pneumatic

Skull has thinned but stayed durable

Bones of the wrist, palm and digits have decreased

No teeth

No urinary bladder to store urine

Large intestine has been shortened so that no feces will be stored

257
Q

Class Aves
Subclass

Include a number of basal birds representing a paraphyletic assemblage
Skull resembled modern birds but had teeth rather than a beak
Skeleton was reptilian with clawed fingers, abdominal ribs, and a long bony tail
Feathers were unmistakably imprinted along wings
With saurischian pelvis which allowed flight

A

Archaeornithes

258
Q

prompted the Subclass Archaeornithes
Discovery of the fossil of

A

Archaeopteryx lithographica in 1861

259
Q

Class Aves
Subclass
Includes three subgroups
Include all extinct and living birds

Four-chambered heart

Tail feathers arranged in a fan-like manner around tail stump

Fused metacarpals

Epidermal scales on bill, legs, feet

Bill instead of teeth; teeth absent in modern forms

Modifications for flight include hollow bones, pectoral appendages modified as wings, air sacs, large eyes and large cerebellum

Modifications for vocalization

A

Subclass Neornithes

260
Q

Subclass Neornithes three subgroups:

A

Odontognathae - toothed marine birds
Paleaognathae - ratites
Neognathae - all other birds

261
Q

Class Aves
Subclass Neornithes
Superorder
Used land as base for marine operations
Includes:
Hesperornis
Ichthyornis

A

Superorder Odontognathae

262
Q

Class Aves
Subclass Neornithes
Superorder Odontognathae
Covered with small, hairlike feathers
Had vestigial wings but had stout legs for wading
Diver of fishes

A

Hesperornis

263
Q

Class Aves
Subclass Neornithes
Superorder Odontognathae
Active flier that can go offshore to feed

A

Ichthyornis

264
Q

Class Aves
Subclass Neornithes
Superorder
Descendants of active fliers but now have small incompetent wings

Legs are powerful for running from predators

Extant species include rheas, ostriches, emus and cassowaries

A

Superorder Palaeognathae

265
Q

Superorder Palaeognathae examples

A

Rhea
Dinornis
Struthio
Tinamus
Apteryx
Dromaius
Aepyornis
Casuarius
Pseudocrypturus

266
Q

Class Aves
Subclass Neornithes
Superorder
Generally called carinates because of the presence of large carina to which large flight muscles attach

Migration is a behavioral adaptation due to climatic changes

A

Superorder Neognathae

267
Q

_______ are neognaths even though they are not capable of flight - forelimbs have become flippers

A

Penguins

268
Q

Class Aves
Subclass Neornithes
Superorder Neognathae
Orders

A

Order Columbiformes
Order Pelecaniformes
Order Anseriformes
Order Galliformes
Order Falconiformes
Order Psittaciformes
Order Passeriformes

269
Q

Mammals evolved from ____________ that have a pair of temporal openings in the skull
were first amniotes to diversify widely into terrestrial habitats

A

synapsids

270
Q

were transitional group between amphibians and synapids succeeded by therapsids (group from which mammals evolved)
two occipital condyles
Secondary palate
Heterodont dentition

A

Pelycosaurs

271
Q

Class
Amniotes with a synapsid skull, hair and mammary glands with nipples (except monotremes)

Single dentary bone (mandible) articulating with the squamosal bone

Three bones in the middle ear cavity

Muscular diaphragm separating the pleuropericardial from the peritoneal cavity

Sweat glands

Absence of an adult cloaca (except in monotremes)

Biconcave, enucleate red blood cells except in camels and llamas

Pinna or auricle for sound-collection

Extensive development of the cerebral cortex

A

Class Mammalia

272
Q

tooth shape differences along the tooth row—incisors and canines rostrally and cheek teeth (premolars and molars) caudally. These are the four tooth classes of mammals: incisors, canines, and premolars are replaced, they are deciduous teeth

A

Heterodont dentition

273
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass
Egg laying mammals

Mammary glands without nipples

Pectoral girdle with separate precoracoid, coracoid, and interclavicle

Scapula with spine

Oviducts separate

With cloaca

A

Subclass Prototheria

274
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Prototheria
Order
Cloaca has a single opening to the exterior

All extant species are found in Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand

Have heavily yolked eggs

Have a ventral mesentery that extends the length of the abdominal cavity

Testes are confined in the abdominal cavity

Outer ear has no pinna and malleus and incus are larger than most mammals

Brain lacks the corpus callosum

Have no nipples but have fluid exudates from modified sweat glands

Endothermic but their body temperature is less stable

A

Monotremata

275
Q

example order Monotremata

A

platypus, anteater

276
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass
Infraclass

Marsupial mammals

Yolk sac serves as placenta

With an abdominal skin pouch (marsupium) supported by 2 marsupial bones

Teats open into the marsupium

Precoracoid and interclavicle absent

Coracoid reduced

Scapula with spine

Clavicle present

Four molars on each side

Shallow or no cloaca

Smooth brain

Double vagina

A

Subclass Theria : Infraclass Metatheria

277
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Metatheria
Order
Fetal yolk sac serves as the placenta

Young are born in the larval stage and continues growth in the marsupium (has two epipubic bones)

Have shown parallel evolution with other mammals that shared the same environment

A

Marsupialia

278
Q

Order Marsupialia example

A

kangarooo
marsupial mole
suagr glider
tasmanian devil

279
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass
Infraclass

The true placental mammals

Viviparous with chorioallantoic placenta

With0ut marsupium or marsupial bones

Shoulder girdle like marsupials

Mostly three molars on each side

One vagina

No cloaca

A

Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria

280
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order
Form the basal mammalian group

Subsist on diet of insects, worms and other small invertebrates

Primitive traits:
Flat-footed (plantigrade) stance
Five toes
Smooth cerebral hemispheres
Small, sharp, pointed teeth
Large embryonic allantois and yolk sac
Shallow cloaca
Testes retained in abdominal cavity

A

Order Insectivora

281
Q

Order Insectivora examples

A

hedgehog
solenodon
moles
white-tooth shrew
desman
forest shrew

282
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order
New world insectivorous mammals

None have incisor, canine or cheek teeth but if present are peglike and lack enamel

Anteaters are completely toothless

Front claws are for digging

Only mammals that develop a true bony dermal armor

A

Order Xenarthra

283
Q

Order Xenarthra examples

A

three-toed sloth
pygmy sloth
anteaters
armadillo

284
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order
Central and South American insectivores

Elongated snout, long sticky tongue and strong claws on the front feet

Teeth are peglike, lack enamel and have shallow roots

A

Order Tubulidentata

285
Q

Order Tubulidentata example

A

aardvark

286
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order
Toothless and peculiarly scaly

Scales are made of keratin and appear to be agglutinated hairs

A

Order Pholidota

287
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order
Only known craniates to achieve true flight

Patagium is made of double membrane stretched along the body

First digit of wings bears claws for climbing and all digits of hind limbs have claws for hanging

Sternum is keeled

A

Order Chiroptera

288
Q

a membrane or fold of skin between the forelimbs and hind limbs on each side of a bat or gliding mammal.

A

Patagium

289
Q

Order Chiroptera example

A

bats

290
Q

Order Chiroptera nutritional diets

A

hematophagous
frugivorous
insectivorous

291
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order
Arboreal mammals which arose as an offshoot from Cretaceous insectivores

Grasping hands with opposable thumbs

Elaborately large cerebral hemispheres

Plantigrade with 5 digits

Large clavicle

Skull is set at right angles to the vertebral column

Eyes directed forward and are close together

Cerebral hemisphere are highly developed

32 teeth in the permanent set

Placenta is deciduate

Usually pregnancy produces 1 offspring

A

Order Primates

292
Q

primates have ________ teeth in the permanent set

A

32

293
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order Primates
Suborder
Lemurs
Lorises
Tarsiers

A

Suborder Prosimii

294
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order Primates
Suborder Prosimii

have the long axis of the head in line with the vertebrate

A

Lemurs

295
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order Primates
Suborder Prosimii

have no tail and the index finger is vestigial

A

Lorises

296
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order Primates
Suborder Prosimii

resembles more anthropoids
All fingers have nails except 2nd and 3rd
Deciduate placenta

A

Tarsiers

297
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order Primates
Suborder

Platyrrhines, Catarrhines

A

Suborder Anthropoidea

298
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order Primates
Suborder Anthropoidea
New world monkeys
Have nostrils opening on the side

A

Platyrrhines

299
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order Primates
Suborder Anthropoidea
Cerpithecoids (old world monkeys), pongids (apes, chimps, gorillas) and hominids (humans)
Nostrils open downward
Have no tails

A

Catarrhines

300
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order

All are herbivores

Two pairs of incisors on the upper jaw and a small pair lying immediately behind

Two families

A

Order Lagomorpha

301
Q

Two families of

A

pikas and hares and rabbits

302
Q

difference of rabbits and hares and pikas

A

Rabbits are generally helpless when born while hares are active within an hour

Pikas have smaller bodies and limbs of equal length

303
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order

Largest mammalian order

Single pair of curved incisor teeth on each jaw

Teeth grow throughout life with canine teeth absent

Cellulose eaters thereby adapting the cecum to house cellulose-digesting microorganisms

A

Order Rodentia

304
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order

Have powerful jaws with sharp canine teeth

Have 42 teeth with premolars tricuspid and molars have four cusps

Clavicles are reduced, vestigial or absent

Cerebral cortex is unusually convoluted compared to most mammals

With 5 or 4 digits usually with retractable claws

A

Order Carnivora (Fissipedia)

305
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order

Carnivores adapted for aquatic life

Feed in fish, squid, molluscs and crustaceans

Leaves the water once a year to breed and young are born on land unable to swim

Webbed paddle-like limbs (flippers) without claws

A

Order Pinnipedia

306
Q

Mammals that walk on the tips of the toes protected by hoofs
Have no more than 4 toes on each foot, others have only 1 such as horses
Herbivorous with the molar teeth adapted for grinding vegetation
Only mammals with horns

A

Ungulates

307
Q

include elephants, hyraxes and manatees

A

Subungulates

308
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order

Walk on the hoofed tips of one, three or four toes

Body weight is borne on a single digit called the mesaxonic foot

Usually called odd-toed ungulates

A

Order Perissodactyla

309
Q

Order Perissodactyla examples

A

horses. zebras, rhinos

310
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order

Ungulates in which the weight is born on two toes called the paraxonic foot

Had even number of toes on the foot

Most are ruminants except for pigs

A

Order Artiodactyla

311
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order

Flat-footed but all except one digits end on hoofs

A

Order Hyracoidea

312
Q

Order Artiodactyla examples

A

giraffe, deer, camels

313
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order

Have a proboscis, scanty hair and thick, wrinkled skin

Incisor are elongated to form tusks, canine teeth are absent and molars are large

Five toes that end in hooflike nails with an elastic pad that supports the weight

A

Order Proboscidea

314
Q

Order Proboscidea example

A

elephants

315
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order

Strictly vegetarian

Forelimbs are paddles with the hindlimb loss along evolution

The only completely aquatic mammals together with cetaceans

A

Order Sirenia

316
Q

Order Sirenia examples

A

dugong. manetee, sea cow

317
Q

Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: Infraclass Eutheria
Order

Permanently marine mammals

Forelimbs are paddle-like with hindlimbs vestigial

Nostrils are on top of the head forming a blowhole

Most have teeth but others have baleen (whalebone)

A

Order Cetacea

318
Q

example of Order Cetacea

A

dolphins, whales

COMPANA (9 decks)

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