positivism Flashcards
1
Q
what does modern criminology begin with?
A
positivist criminology
2
Q
what are the 3 underpinning ideas in positivist criminology?
A
- phrenology
- physiognomy
- criminal anthropology
3
Q
who is considered as the founding father of criminal anthropology?
A
Cesare Lombroso
4
Q
what did criminal anthropologists see criminals as?
A
physically anomalous human type
5
Q
true or false - criminal anthropologists believed that criminals were marked by anomalies that signified their physical, mental and social backwardness
A
true
6
Q
what is physiognomy?
A
a persons behaviour can be predicted through their physical appearance
7
Q
where can the idea of physiognomy be traced back to?
A
ancient greece but gained popularity 1700s onwards
8
Q
who was the most famous proponent of physiognomy?
A
Johann Casper Lavater
9
Q
what did Lavater write?
A
essays on physiognomy
10
Q
when was essay on physiognomy published?
A
in English by 1795
11
Q
what did lavater try other than turn physiognomy into?
A
a science or a knowledge of the correspondence between the external and internal man, the visible superifices and the invisible contents
12
Q
what were pocket lavaters?
A
illustrated, pocked sized versions of essays of physiognomy, which people used to gauge the character of new acquaintances and passer-by
13
Q
what was phrenology?
A
a 19th century means of reading and determining character from bumps on the head and from the contours of the skull
14
Q
what did phrenologists make the first systematic efforts to identify?
A
biological causes of crime and present science visually
15
Q
who was a key author in the area of phrenology?
A
Franz Joseph Gall
16
Q
what are the 5 concepts to phrenology?
A
- the brain is the organ of the mind
- the brain is an aggregation of about 301 separate organs or faculties i.e. combativeness, covetiveness and destructiveness
- the more active an organ, the larger its size
- the relative size of the organs can be estimated by inspecting the contours of the skull
- the relative size of the organs can be increased or decreased through exercise and self-discipline
17
Q
who argues that each of our mental abilities were located in individual portions of the brain
A
Gall
18
Q
true or false - each portion of the brain functions independently
A
true
19
Q
true or false - one of the brain’s “faculties” or “organs” can be normal while another lies dormant or atrophies
A
true
20
Q
what is deterministic doctrine?
A
this who practised phrenology beloved that crime was not the product of free will but down to abnormal organisation of the brain
21
Q
What was the trend in the 1800s regarding crime and criminal behaviour?
A
There was a clear drive towards, and hunger for, scientific explanation of crime and criminal behaviour
22
Q
Who provided a framework for explaining criminal behavior through rationality?
A
Beccaria and Bentham
23
Q
How is utilitarianism described in relation to psychological or social theories?
A
not a full blown psychological or social theory
24
Q
What was a limitation of the work of Beccaria and Bentham?
A
work of Beccaria and Bentham
was not empirically supported
25
How did the hunger for scientific explanation of crime manifest in the 1800s?
through variety of theorists and other key individuals
26
Who was one of the early theorists in the scientific explanation of crime?
Adolphe Quetelet
27
Which other key individuals followed Adolphe Quetelet in the study of crime?
Enrico Ferri, Raffaele Garofolo, Cesare Lombroso
28
what were Ferri's 5 classifications of criminals?
1. born of instinctive criminal
2. insane criminal
3. pasional criminal
4. occasional criminal
5. habitual criminal
29
What is Raffaele Garofalo remembered for in the context of crime?
pursuit of practical solutions to concrete problems located in the legal institutions of his day and for his doctrine of ‘natural crimes’
30
How does Garofalo's work compare to that of Lombroso and Ferri?
it represents the currents of interests in the late 19th century Europe more clearly
31
Who was Cesare Lombroso and what field did he found?
a criminal anthropologists and the founding father of criminal anthropology
32
How did criminal anthropologists view criminals?
as a physically anomalous human type
33
What is the title of Cesare Lombroso's seminal work written in 1876?
L'Uomo Deliquente (criminal man)
34
What idea does Lombroso introduce in "L’Uomo Deliquente"?
idea of 'born criminal'
35
What type of theory is the concept of the 'born criminal'?
biological theory
36
How did Lombroso describe the 'born criminal'?
atavistic, a type of human being left over from the earlier stages of evolutionary development
37
What research did Lombroso conduct in 1870?
research in the prisons and asylums of Pavia, studying cadavers and living persons to determine substantial differences between the insane and criminals
38
What significant discovery did Lombroso make regarding a brigand's skull?
found a very long series of atavistic anomalies in the skull of a brigand, including an enormous middle occipital fossa and hypertrophy of the vermis, which he compared to features found in inferior vertebrates
39
How did Lombroso describe the moment he understood the nature of criminals?
described it as a flash of inspiration, where the sight of the skull illuminated the problem of the nature of the criminal for him, as if it were a vast plain under a flaming sky
40
How did Lombroso describe the born criminal?
scarred with the stigmata of crime, which includes traits such as a small skull, slanting forehead, jutting jaw, jug ears, insensitivity to pain, vanity, religiosity, and a tendency to insanity
41
What is the fate of the primitive born criminal according to Lombroso?
primitive born criminal is doomed to repeat crime for his entire life
42
What type of traits did the born criminal possess?
atavistic traits
43
What percentage of criminals did Lombroso believe were programmed from birth to commit crime?
up to 70%
44
How did Lombroso suggest the born criminal type (delinquent-nato) could be identified?
identified by a trained observer through outward anatomical and physiological signs or 'stigmata'
45
What does the term 'stigmata' refer to in Lombroso's theory?
physical traits and characteristics that he believed were indicative of a born criminal
46
How does Lombroso describe criminals?
physiognomic fashion, focusing on physical characteristics
47
What specific traits does Lombroso attribute to murderers?
the eye have a glassy look, cold and immobile but sometimes bloodthirsty and bloodshot. The nose, often aquiline or hooked like one finds on a birds of prey, is always prominent. The jaw is robust; the ears long; the cheekbones wide; and the hair is frizzy, abundant and dark. Quite often there is no beard, the canine teeth are highly developed and the lips thin
48
what are 10 characteristics of criminals according to Lombroso?
1. unusual size or shape of the head
2. strange eyes
3. facial asymmetry
4. extended jaw and jaw bone
5. too big or too small ears
6. full lips leaned forward
7. abnormal teeth
8. wrinkled skin
9. nose curled up - thieves had flat nose, murderers had a beak nose
10. too long, too small or flat chin
49
what was the title of Lombroso's book on criminal women?
The female offender: La Donna Delinquente
50
who was the co author of Lombroso's criminal women book?
Gina Ferrero - his daughter !!
51
what are the 9 characteristics of a criminal women according to Lombroso?
1. overly close eyes
2. receding forehead
3. small head
4. ears to tightly attached to the head
5. numerous deep premature wrinkles
6. crooked lips
7. a flat, crooked curving outwards nose
8. a receding chin
9. a virile physiognomy
52
what did Lombroso and Ferrero refer to women as?
a true monster, honest women are kept in line by factors such as maternity and weakness; when a women commits a crime despite these restraints, this is a sight that her power of evil is immense
53
What are the two key ideas related to Lombroso that are worth mentioning?
1. moral insanity
2. heredity
54
How is moral insanity defined?
a person who possessed an abstract awareness of right and wrong, but were compelled to do certain things anyway
55
What are the characteristics of moral insanity according to Lombroso?
madness, consisting in a morbid perversions of the natural feelings, affections, inclinations, temper, habits, moral disposition, and natural impulses, without any remarkable disorder or defect of the interest of knowing and reasoning faculties, and particularly without any insane illusion or hallucinations
56
How did Lombroso respond to critiques of his concept of atavism?
expanded his list of physical and psychological conditions that predisposed certain individuals to commit crimes
57
what did lombroso associate moral insanity with?
born criminals and individuals with epilepsy
58
What does Lombroso conclude is the principal cause of criminal tendencies?
heredity is the principle cause of criminal tendencies
59
what are biological positivists interested in?
heredity, genetics and physical characteristics
60
how do sociological positivists view human nature and social conditions?
they have a static vision of human nature, social order, and social change, and they believe that crime resulted from flawed social conditions
61
which type of positivism has dominated criminology?
sociological positivism
62
Was Lombrosian thought exclusive to Lombroso?
no
63
had Lombrosian ideas already been broached by a range of individuals working within the CJS in the UK prior to a monopoly on criminal man?
yes
64
which 2 key figures could write, quite unguardedly about 'the genuine criminal' and 'the criminal class' variously calling them 'morally insane', 'degenerate', 'defective in physical organisation - from hereditary causes' and 'incurable' in a way which is, for all the world, Lombrosian before Lombroso
1. Henry Maudsley
2. J. Bruce Thomson
65
when was the emergence of alienists and prison doctors?
long before Lombroso's work
66
what were the emergence of alienists and prison doctors trying to do?
identify and classify criminals through the use of scientific methods (positvist thinking)
67
where were the 3 key figures in the emergence of alienists and prison doctors?
1. David Nicolson
2. G Wilson
3. James Bruce Thomson
68
what was J Bruce Thomson particularly interested in?
the hereditary nature of crime
69
who did J Bruce Thomson study which led to him publishing 'on the hereditary nature of crime'?
5000 prisoners, meaning hereditary was very important to Thomson
70
what were all criminals like according to Thomson?
a set of coarse, angular, clumsy, stupid features and dirty complexions
71
what were criminal women like according to Thomson?
ugly in face and action without the beauty of colour or grace or regularity of features a sinister and repulsive expression in look and mien
72
what does the author observe in post-mortem examinations of prisoners?
an accumulation of morbid appearances
73
how many diseases do the prisoners typically die from, according to the author?
scarcely one; almost every organ is diseased
74
what is the author's reaction to the prisoners' health conditions?
they wonder how life could be supported in such a diseased frame
75
what year was this observation made?
1870
76
where did David Nicolson work?
Portsmouth prison
77
what was Nicholson also working to do alongside the prison?
distinguish between the accidental and habitual criminal, like his contemporaries
78
what did Nicholson describe the habitual criminal as?
an unmistakable physique with rough and irregular outline a massiveness in the seats of animal expression
79
what did Nicholson describe the accidental criminal as?
differs little or nothing from the ordinary run of mortals
80
what did Nicholson describe the habitual and thorough criminal as?
an unmistakable physique with rough and irregular outline a massiveness in the seats of animal expression. his physiognomy is distinctive and seems to be very embodiment of grossness and unworthiness
81
what are Nicholson's 2 categorisation of criminals?
1. fit for prison discipline
2. unfit for prison discipline
82
what 2 types of criminals are fit for prison discipline?
1. accidental or causal criminals - mental condition within ordinary range
2. habitual or thorough criminals - mostly unintelligent, wilful and impulsive
83
what 2 types of criminals are unfit for prison discipline?
1. weak-minded criminals - evidence of a mind morbidly defective or disturbed, requiring the relaxation of prison discipline
2. insane criminal - irresponsible and fit for certificate
84
what did measure of 464 criminals in convict prisons?
heads
85
what conclusion did G Wilson reach from his measuring of prisoners heads?
40% of his sample turned out to be invalid with a concentration in the 'professional thief class'
86
what did habitual criminals show according to Wilson?
well-marked signs of insufficient cranial development, particularly anteriorly
87
what did Wilson fine regarding physical abnormalities and signs of physical degeneration?
bullet heads, low brows, projecting ears, weasel eyes ... a morbid condition of the brain or other organs in the shape of tumours, cancers, ulcerations of irritating secretions which have fully accounted for mental or moral defects
88
what is a critic of Lombroso regarding criminal anthropology?
most respected English commentators were extremely critical of his claims even during the height of Lombroso's influence in continental Europe
89
who are the main groups mentioned that were involved in the criminal justice system at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries?
prison administrators and doctors, medical practitioners and researchers, lawyers and clergymen
90
what was the general awareness of Lombroso's work among those in the criminal justice system?
they knew little or nothing about his work
91
how did those who were aware of Lombroso's ideas generally react to them?
tended to be incredulous about his ideas and indifferent to his proposals for penal policy
92
what does this passage suggest about the acceptance of Lombroso's theories?
suggests there was skepticism and a lack of interest in his ideas among key figures in the criminal justice system
93
what does David Nicolson say about the portrayal of criminals by some writers?
he believes it is exaggerated to distortion and unfair regarding the many
94
how does Nicolson describe the conclusions or assumptions made about criminals?
he considers them to be neither authentic nor authoritative
95
what does Nicolson argue against in terms of labelling criminals?
he argues against stamping 'criminals' as lunatics or quasi-lunatics
96
what reason does Nicolson give for why criminals might choose thieving?
he suggests they prefer it, despite the risks, over more laborious and reputable ways of maintaining themselves
97
what is one key point about the relationship between classicism and positivism?
there are no sharp discontinuities and clear-cut distinctions between them on all matters.
98
how did classical ideas influence the development of science?
the classical affirmation of human abilities and freedom of expression helped push science to the forefront as a method for gathering knowledge
99
what significant shift did classicism contribute to in terms of belief systems?
it involved an abandonment of supernaturalism and an embrace of the natural system
100
what did positivism do to classical principles?
positivism did not disprove or destroy classical principles
101
what shift in focus did positivism bring about in criminology?
it shifted emphasis from crime and penology to the individual offender
102
how did positivism benefit criminologists in their understanding of criminality?
it enabled them to escape the excesses of a simplistic free-will interpretation of criminality
103
who pioneered the use of the visual in criminology?
Cesare Lombroso
104
what unique method did Lombroso use to illustrate his arguments?
photography and imagery
105
how is Lombroso viewed in the context of visual criminology?
he is often considered the first visual criminologist.
106
what did Rafter (2014) say about Lombroso's use of visuals?
"No criminologist has ever drawn more heavily on the visual, or revelled more in the imagery of crime."
107
how did the Classical School define crime?
in legal terms
107
what was the impact of Lombroso's visual methods on later criminology?
his approach influenced how visuals are used to communicate ideas about crime.
108
what did the Positive School reject regarding the definition of crime?
the legal definition of crime
109
what was the focus of the Classical School?
crime as a legal entity
110
what did the Positive School focus on instead of legal definitions?
the act as a psychological entity
111
what concept did the Classical School emphasise?
free will
112
what concept did the Positive School emphasise?
determinism
113
what did the Classical School theorise about punishment?
it has a deterrent effect
114
what did the Positive School suggest should replace punishment?
a scientific treatment of criminals calculated to protect society
115
what is the scientific method in criminology?
the application of natural science principles to social problems.
116
what is the distinction made in the scientific method?
fact vs values
117
what are key components of the scientific method?
scientific methods and hypothesis testing
118
what is the method of discovering knowledge in the scientific approach?
empiricism
119
what do scientific methods aim to uncover in criminology?
causes and explanations that go beyond free will
120
what principle suggests that behaviour is determined by factors beyond individual control?
determinism
121
what does differentiation refer to in the context of criminology?
the distinction between different types of criminals or criminal behaviour
122
what does pathology imply in relation to criminal behaviour?
it can be seen as a form of illness or dysfunction
123
what does the denial of responsibility mean in criminological theory?
the idea that individuals may not be fully accountable for their actions due to external influences
124
what is the focus of the principles of cure and rehabilitation?
the belief that offenders can be treated and rehabilitated rather than simply punished
