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Reproduction > Porcine > Flashcards

Porcine Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stag?

A

Male castrated after puberty

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2
Q

What is a barrow?

A

Male castrated before puberty

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3
Q

What are 2 methods of castration?

A

Surgical

Immunological - Impravac GnRH vaccine

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4
Q

What is gestation length?

A

114-116d

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5
Q

What is the production aims for litters and pigs weaned/sow/year?

A
  1. 2 litters

10. 8 pigs weaned

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6
Q

What type of uterus do Sows have?

A

Bicornuate with highly developed uterine horns

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7
Q

How is the oestrus cycle described?

A

Non-seasonally polyoestrus

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8
Q

What type of ovulators are pigs?

A

Spontaneous

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9
Q

How long is the oestrus cycle?

A

21 days

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10
Q

When does puberty occur in sows?

A

5.5 months

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11
Q

What cycle are gilts first bred on?

A

3rd cycle

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12
Q

How many follicles undergo atresia?

A

40%

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13
Q

How long does proestrus last?

A

4-6 days

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14
Q

How long does oestrus last?

A

1-4 days

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15
Q

What hormone is not as significant in pigs as in polyovular species?

A

Inhibin

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16
Q

How long is dioestrus?

A

14 days

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17
Q

When does progesterone begin to rise?

A

2-4d after oestrus

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18
Q

Is the developing CL dependent on LH?

A

Not at the start

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19
Q

Until when is the CL resistant to PGF2a?

A

Until after day 12 of dioestrus -> maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs here (luteolysis will not occur and conceptus produces oestrogen)

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20
Q

What is the role of oestrogen produced by the conceptus?

A

To re-route PGF2a into the uterine lumen rather than circulation -> prevents luteolysis

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21
Q

How many piglets are required for MRP?

A

2 per horn

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22
Q

What type of placentation do pigs have?

A

Epitheliochorial diffuse (like horses)

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23
Q

2 methods of heat detection

A
  1. Expose to 10 mins boar contact daily

2. Back pressure test

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24
Q

when should we mate pigs?

A

24 hours before or 4 hours post ovulation for >90% conception

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25
Q

When do ova deteriorate?

A

4-6 hours post ovulation

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26
Q

What is the boar:sow ratio for pen mating?

A

1:8

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27
Q

Can we use frozen insemination in pigs?

A

No

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28
Q

How long is chilled semen stored for?

A

5 days

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29
Q

How many sperm and ml is an ejaculate?

A

200-300ml

30 billion sperm

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30
Q

What is a bactibag?

A

Nanopartical technology -> attracts bacteria to side and neutralises them
Heat seal ends
Keep at 15 degrees for fresh sperm

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31
Q

What should motility and morphology be?

A

Motility 70-80%

Morphology >75%

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32
Q

What should sperm be diluted to?

A

25-80 million sperm/ml

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33
Q

How much sperm is inseminated and where?

A

1 billion x days of storage

Cervix

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34
Q

When is rectal palpation possible?

A

27 days

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35
Q

When is doppler ultrasound viable?

A

29-34 days

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36
Q

What rate will the uterine artery and umbilical vein be?

A

uterine artery - 100-150bpm

Umbilical vein 150-200bpm

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37
Q

When can amnionic vesicles and the embryo be seen on real time ultrasound?

A

Amnionic vesicles 18-19d

Embryo with heartbeat 21d

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38
Q

What characterises the first stage or parturition?

A

Restlessness, nesting, rooting, pawing

Lateral recumbancy in last 60 minutes

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39
Q

What characterises 2nd stage parturition? How long between piglets?

A

Contractions, straining + piglet delivery

15 minutes between piglets

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40
Q

What characterises 3rd stage parturition?

A

Fetal membranes expelled between each or at the end of all

Retained fetal membranes are rare

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41
Q

What position should piglets be in?

A

Any position

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42
Q

at 6 hours after birth how much will the sows IgG concentration have dropped?

A

50%

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43
Q

When do piglets need an iron injection and how much?

A

within 5 days

200mg

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44
Q

What temperature shoudl piglets be at after birth?

A

> 30 degrees

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45
Q

List 3 pathogens causing reproductive wastage

A
  1. Porcine Parvovirus
  2. Leptospirosis
  3. Erysipelas
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46
Q

What is porcine parvovirus also known as?

A

Stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility syndrome (SMEDI)

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47
Q

What does SMEDI cause?

A

Depends on when she gets it
<30 d = EED
>30d = fetal death and mummification
>70d = fetus cant mount immune response

48
Q

How is SMEDI transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral

49
Q

How do we treat SMEDI?

A

No treatments - vaccinate over 6 months of age

50
Q

How can we test for SMEDI?

A

Haemagluttination test

51
Q

What does leptospirosis cause?

A

Abortion, stilbirths, weak piglets, infertility

52
Q

How do we diagnose leptospirosis?

A

Microscopic agglutination test for rising antibody titre

53
Q

How do we treat leptospirosis?

A

Vaccinate before breeding
Dry environment
Antibiotics (tetracyclines)

54
Q

What does Erysipelas cause?

A

Fever, diamond shaped skin lesions, abortion, sudden death

55
Q

Which disease is zoonotic?

A

Erysipelas

Leptospirosis

56
Q

How do we treat erysipelas?

A

Penicillin

Vaccinate 6-8 weeks before breeding

57
Q

When does seasonal infertility occur?

A

Late summer early autumn

58
Q

What characterises seasonal infertility?

A

Reduced farrowing rate, failure of pregnancy maintenace and increased abortion and EED

59
Q

How can we prevent seasonal infertility?

A

Maintain temp of 27 degrees

40-60% humidity best

60
Q

What type of penis do males have?

A

Fibro-elastic

61
Q

What accessory sex glands are present?

A

Prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland

62
Q

What type and orientation are the testis?

A

Non pendulous, caudal position

63
Q

When do testis stop growing?

A

8 months

64
Q

How long is spermatogenesis?

A

48-52 days

65
Q

How long is epididymal transport time?

A

9-14 days

66
Q

When do boars reach puberty?

A

5 months - mature at 8 months

67
Q

What are 3 things that need to be done when introducing new breeding stock?

A

Introduction plan
Farm vaccination protocol
Gradual exposure to resident stock

68
Q

What happens when boars are heat stressed?

A

Increased embryonic loss and reduced litter size

69
Q

What are 3 breeding systems?

A

Pen mating
Hand mating
AI

70
Q

How many boar:sow are needed for hand mating?

A

1:15

71
Q

What is the ratio of boar:sow ratio for AI?

A

1:150

72
Q

What improves litter size in AI?

A

Double sire mating system improves by 10-15%

73
Q

How long does ejaculation take?

A

5 minutes - pressure associated

74
Q

Describe the 3 sperm fractions

A

Pre-sperm (seminal plasma)
Sperm rich
Gel/sperm poor

75
Q

Explain the gloved hand method

A

Guide to side collect in temperature controlled container + discard pre-sperm
Collect sperm rich fraction
Filter semen to remove gel fraction

76
Q

What is the purpose of the two glove technique?

A

Prevent contamination from prepucial diverticulum that contains urine, semen, bacteria
Remove top glove and collect semen with clean glove

77
Q

How do we measure semen concentration?

A

Haemocytometer

78
Q

How do we measure motility?

A

Total progressive motility

79
Q

What ratio is extender added to semen?

A

2:1

80
Q

What is heterospermia?

A

Mixing sperm from 2-3 boars to increase piglets in litter

81
Q

what are 3 disadvantages of AI?

A

Increase genetic bottle neck
Increased boar management
Good oestrus detection needed

82
Q

What temperature is semen stored at?

A

15-18 degrees

83
Q

What does boar saliva contain?

A

Pheromones
3a androstrenol
5a androstenone

84
Q

What 4 things can cause non-infectious fertility?

A

Heat stress - decrease motility and sperm conc., pregnancy loss, EED

Vaccine - pyrexia following

Nutritional imbalances

Overuse of boars

85
Q

How many times a day is a mature boar mated?

A

2

86
Q

How long does oestrus itself last in sows?

A

2-3 days

87
Q

At what size does a follicle start producing enough oestrogen to form behavioural oestrus?

A

4-7mm

88
Q

What 4 things can be used to manipulate oestrus?

A

Progesterone (regumate)
PGF2a
PG600
Ovugel (triptoerlin acetate)

89
Q

How do we use progesterone to manipulate oestrus?

A

6.8ml for 14d

4-9 days later in oestrus

90
Q

what is PGF2a used for and in what dose?

A

Induce parturition - 10-15mg lutalyse or 175ug estrumate

Give on day 112-113 for farrowing 36 hours later

91
Q

How is PG600 used?

A

Induce oestrus in gilts over 5.5 months old

92
Q

How is ovugel used?

A

100mg triptorelin acetate GnRH agonist

Give sows 4 days post weaning intravaginally

Ovulate 48 hours later - fixed time AI 22 hours later

93
Q

How long is the weaning to oestrus interval?

A

4-7 days

94
Q

What does prolactin cause in pigs?

A

Lactational anoestrus

Interferes with GnRH pulses

95
Q

When does ovulation occur and when should we inseminate?

A

Ovulation occurs 3/4 through oestrus (which lasts 2-3 days)

Inseminate within 12 hours prior to ovulation

96
Q

Describe signs of psot mating uterine inflammation

A

Leukocytes in lumen of uterus remaining for 12-16 post insemination

97
Q

List 3 methods for AI

A

Foam tip
Spiral tip catheter
Post cervical AI (hard to do)

98
Q

When do embryos enter the uterus?

A

48-60 hours post ovulation

99
Q

when does embryo attachment occur?

A

14-18 days

100
Q

What are the 3 events of parturition?

A

Preparturient period -> restless nest building in last 24 hours

Intrapartum period -> farrowing

Postpartum period -> placenta passes

101
Q

Name 2 complications in farrowing

A

Prolapsed vagina, uterus or bladder

Dystocia

102
Q

How do we treat a pre-partum vaginal prolapse?

A

Replace and suture

103
Q

How do we treat a uterine prolapse?

A

Laparotomy, amputation or manual reduction

104
Q

How do we treat lateroflexion of the bladder?

A

Catheterize

105
Q

What are clinical signs of dystocia?

A

Foul discharge, delay in farrowing, straining, no passage of placenta

106
Q

What are 5 causes of dystocia?

A
  1. Uterine intertia
  2. Fetal maldisposition
  3. Obstruction of birth canal
  4. Deviation of uterus
  5. Fetopelvic disproportion
107
Q

How do we treat primary uterine inertia? (animal does not start farrowing)

A

Prostaglandin

108
Q

How can we give oxytocin for dystocia?

A

20-30 IU every 30 mins maximum 2-3 times

Always vaginal exam first to ensure it is clear

109
Q

When do we use calcium for dystocia?

A

If oxytocin is not working

110
Q

How do we give calcium for dystocia?

A

50-125ml warmed to body temperature, IV, IM, SQ,

No more than 25-30ml if going IM or SQ

111
Q

What surgical treatment can be used for dystocia?

A

Terminal C section

112
Q

What is a normal non-infectious abortion rate?

A

<2%

113
Q

What is the name if an abortion syndrome and when does it occur?

A

Autumn abortion syndrome
30-110d post breeding
no clinical signs

114
Q

What is a cause of non-infectious reproductive wastage?

A

Cystic follicles -> multiple of these cause extended anoestrus

115
Q

Name 6 mycotoxins causing reproductive wastage

A
  1. Zearalenone
  2. Trichothecene
  3. Vomitoxin
  4. Ergot
  5. Aflatoxin
  6. Fumonisin
116
Q

What does zearalenone cause?

A

Estrogen like substance - infertility, constant oestrus, reduced litter size, malformation

Disrupts sperm production and libido

Reproduction (9 decks)

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