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Reproduction > Avian > Flashcards

Avian Flashcards

1
Q

Which ovary and oviduct regress in birds and at what point?

A

The right at day 10

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2
Q

Which gonadal region receives more germ cells?

A

The left

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3
Q

What does FSH and LH do?

A

FSH -> regulates follicular growth

LH -> promotes ovulation

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4
Q

When does ovulation occur in regards to laying?

A

After the previous egg is laid

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5
Q

What produces oestradiol and androgens?

A

Thecal cells of small follicles

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6
Q

What produces progesterone?

A

Granulosa cells of large follicles under stimulation of LH (not luteal cells)

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7
Q

What structure do birds not form?

A

A corpus luteum

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8
Q

What does progesterone feed back positively on?

A

LH

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9
Q

What are follicles suspended by?

A

A stalk with smooth muscle, blood vessels and nerves

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10
Q

Describe the process of a primary oocyte becoming a secondary oocyte

A

Primary oocytes mature to secondary oocytes and a polar body a few hours before ovulation

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11
Q

What happens to the oocyte post ovulation?

A

It undergoes a second maturation to an ovum and second polar body in the oviduct after fertilisation

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12
Q

How long is the infundibulum present?

A

15-30 minutes to catch the egg

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13
Q

What is the purpose and structure of the magnum?

A

To deposit albumen over 3 hours

Enlargement of mucosal folds - longest and most coiled part of oviduct with tubular glands

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14
Q

How long is the egg in the uterus and what for?

A

18-20 hours for outer shell deposition, calcification and pigmentation

Watery solutions added in first 8 hours

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15
Q

What is the structure of the infundibulum?

A

Funnel shaped with thin wall

Chalaziferous region - thicker wall and mucosal folds to lay day chalazae

Fertilisation occurs here

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16
Q

What is the structure and function of the isthmus?

A

Short and less prominent folds than magnum
Produces soft shell membranes
First section no glands, remainder has tubular glands

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the uterus - or shell gland

A

No separation from isthmus
Short
First short and narrow ‘red’ region and larger pouch region
Manufactures calcereous shell

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18
Q

Describe the structure of the vagina

A

Separated from uterus by sphincter

Contains spermatic fossulae and stores sperm for 10-14 days

S shaped

Thin and low mucosal folds with thick muscle wall and no secretory gland

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19
Q

Where are the lipids and proteins formed for egg formation and how are they transported?

A

liver - transported via blood to granulosa cells

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20
Q

What organises the lipids and proteins and what do they form?

A

the primary oocyte

Into the yolk sphere and fluid

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21
Q

What is the purpose of chalazae?

A

Added to poles of the yolk to keep embryonic disk orientated

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22
Q

what is added in the isthmus?

A

Protein added to albumen and addition of shell membranes (inner + otuer)

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23
Q

How long does the process of vitellogenesis last?

A

23-27 hours

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24
Q

What are the testis suspended by?

A

The mesorchium

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25
Q

What are the testis surrounded by?

A

The abdominal air sac (not cooled by this)

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26
Q

What increases with sexual activity in the male?

A

The length and diameter of seminiferous tubules and number of interstitial cells

27
Q

What do males not have compared with other species?

A

No pampiniform plexus

28
Q

What do the sertoli cells do?

A

Provide mechanical support for germ cells + produce steroid hormones

29
Q

What do leydig cells do and where are they?

A

Produce androgens

Between tubules

30
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

Thin, irregular channel on dorsomedial aspect of testis adjacent to epididymis - not present in all species

31
Q

which is the homogametic sex?

A

Males - females determine sex of offspring

32
Q

Describe the epididymis

A

No distinctive head, body or tail and relatively small compared to mammals
Efferent ductules along whole length

33
Q

Where do the ductus deferens go?

A

From epididymis to cloaca, entering cloaca at urodeum

34
Q

Describe the phallus

A

Not found in all species - others copulate by everting cloaca

Intromittent or non-intromittent (chickens, turkeys)

35
Q

Describe endogenous factors for seasonal breeding

A

Captive birds - can have these turned off
Migratory birds - go to where climate is right
Tropical - need warmth

36
Q

Describe exogenous factors for seasonal breeding

A

Ultimate factors - for survival

Proximate factors -> social cues, behaviour (vary from year to year), climate, mate availability

37
Q

Describe exogenous factors for seasonal breeding

A

Ultimate factors - for survival

Proximal factors - vary each year (climate, loss of nesting site, mate availability)

38
Q

What chromosomes do females and males have?

A

Female - ZW

Male - ZZ

39
Q

How can we karyotype birds?

A

Blood granulocytes

Feather pulp cells

40
Q

How can we surgically determine sex?

A

Laproscopic exam of gonads - requires anaesthesia

41
Q

How can lovebirds sexual behaviour be described?

A

Sexually monomorphic - homosexual pairing is common

42
Q

What is the difference in male and female lovebirds tails?

A

Females have straight across tail

males have rounded tails

43
Q

How can we feather sex at birth?

A

Females - remiges longer than coverts

Males - short remiges under coverts (in first day)

44
Q

What are 5 reasons for reproductive poor performance?

A
  1. Husbandry problems
  2. Problems with copulation
  3. Female infertility
  4. Male infertility
  5. Poor hatchability
45
Q

List 4 examples of husbandry problems

A
  1. Unsuitable nest sites
  2. Overstocking
  3. visual and audible threats
  4. incorrect photoperiod
46
Q

List 4 reasons for issues with copulation

A
  1. Swinging perches
  2. Obesity
  3. Bullies
  4. Arthritis
47
Q

List 4 reasons for female infertility

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Metritis
  3. Uterine polyps
  4. Chromosomal issues
48
Q

List 4 reasons for male infertility

A
  1. Incorrect photoperiod
  2. Obesity
  3. Neoplasia
  4. Size disparity
49
Q

List 4 things causing poor shell quality

A
  1. Long length of lay
  2. Increased temperature
  3. Stress
  4. AM eggs worse than PM eggs
50
Q

List 5 avian reproductive diseases

A
  1. Chronic egg laying
  2. Egg binding + dystocia
  3. Prolapsed oviduct
  4. Egg yolk peritonitis
  5. Phallus prolapse
51
Q

What breed is chronic egg laying common in?

A

Budgies

52
Q

List 3 methods to reduce chronic egg laying

A
  1. Eliminate sexual stimulation
  2. Decrease photoperiod to 8-10 h/d
  3. Leave artificial eggs in nest
53
Q

List 3 treatments for chronic egg laying

A
  1. Medroxyprogesterone - cause obesity, FI liver, PU/PD
  2. Leuprolide acetate GnRH agonist –> budgies every 12 days, cockatiels every 18 days and cockatoos every month
  3. Salphingohysterectomy - some hens will still ovulate
54
Q

Define egg binding

A

Failure of an egg to pass through the oviduct at a normal rate

55
Q

What are 5 causes of egg binding/dystocia?

A 
Hypocalcaemia 
Large mis-shapen eggs
Old hen
Oviduct tumours
hyper/hypothermia
56
Q

What can egg binding cause for the bird? (4)

A
  1. Circulatory disorders
  2. Nerve paralysis
  3. Cessation of normal defecation and urine flow
  4. Pressure necrosis of oviduct layers
57
Q

What is used to treat egg binding?

A

Prostaglandin -> with warmth, fluids, calcium and glucose
Gel applied to utero-vaginal sphincter 0.1mg/100g
Expelled in 15 minutes if egg not adherant to oviduct

58
Q

Can oxytocin treat egg binding?

A

No -> does not relax utero-vaginal sphincter

59
Q

What are 2 methods of assisted delivery?

A

Ovocentesis -> shrink egg size by removing fluid resulting in uterine damage by shell pieces (soft shell eggs deliver easily)

Surgery -> ventral laparotomy/hysterectomy

60
Q

What is egg yolk peritonitis?

A

Yolk enters the abdominal cavity causing inflammation

61
Q

What are signs of egg yolk peritonitis?

A

Distended abdomen
Dyspnoea
Pink fluid on abdomenocentesis

62
Q

How do we treat egg yolk peritonitis? (4)

A

Drainage, fluids, hystorectomy, Leuprolide (GnRH agonist)

63
Q

What is a phallus prolapse?

A

Phallus protrudes from cloaca

Clean, lubricate and return to cloaca +/- purse string suture

Reproduction (9 decks)

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