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Reproduction > Canine > Flashcards

Canine Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the canine oestrus cycle type

A

Monoestrus and non-seasonal (3 cycles in 2 years)

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2
Q

When is the first pubertal heat?

A

6-10 months of age

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3
Q

What is the inter-oestrus interval?

A

4-12 months

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4
Q

What is the angle of the vestibule?

A

80 degrees

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5
Q

Where is a vaginal swab taken?

A

Cranial vagina

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6
Q

Where is the fornix located?

A

Ventral side only

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7
Q

Describe the shape of the vagina

A

Narrow cranially and wider caudally

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8
Q

Name the 4 stages of the oestrus cycle and their length

A

Proestrus - 9 days average
Oestrus - 9 days average
Dioestrus - 60 days average
Anoestrus - 5 months

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9
Q

Describe Proestrus signs

A

vulvar swelling, serosanginous vulvar discharge, vaginal epithelium cornified with 30 layers at end of this stage

First drop of blood - follicle begins growing

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10
Q

Describe the hormones during proestrus

A

Oestrogen peaks - LH surge then follows in oestrus
Progesterone low until late proestrus
LH pulses
FSH low

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11
Q

Describe oestrus symptoms

A

Softening of vulva, vaginal epithelium completely cornified, female allows copulation

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12
Q

Describe oestrus hormones

A

Oestrogen drops to basal
Progesterone increasing rapidly
LH surge - ovulation within 2 days
Ovulation

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13
Q

Describe signs of dioestrus

A

Return to non-cornified vaginal epithelium
CL presence for entire 60 days
Progesterone drops in second half

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14
Q

How long does the LH surge last?

A

24 hours (entire up and down spike)

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15
Q

When after LH surge does ovulation occur?

A

48 hours

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16
Q

What type of oocyte is ovulated? How long after LH surge can fertilisation occur?

A

A primary oocyte not capable of fertilisation- takes 48 hours for a final division for this

So 4 days after LH surge fertilisation can occur

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17
Q

How long is gestation?

A

65 +/- 1 day

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18
Q

What is examined for general health in a pre-breeding exam?

A

Physical exam
vaccination status
Genetic defect screening

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19
Q

What is examined on a reproductive exam?

A

vulvar confirmation
Vaginal exam - blockage
Mammary glands
Serology if required

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20
Q

what is the lifespan of a secondary oocyte?

A

4-5 days

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21
Q

How many follicles are polyovular?

A

20-30%

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22
Q

List 5 ways to predict ovulation

A
  1. Progesterone assay
  2. LH assay (expensive)
  3. Vaginal cytology
  4. Vaginal mucosal changes
  5. Ultrasound of ovaries (difficult)
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23
Q

Describe the cycle of progesterone

A

During anoestrus and proestrus is <1ng/ml
Increases 2-3 days before ovulation
Increases to >1ng/ml before and during LH surge
Peak = 10-15 days after ovulation

1ng = 3.18nmol/L

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24
Q

What will serum P4 be 2 days before ovulation?

A

1-2ng/ml -> breed 4 days after this

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25
Q

What will serum P4 be on the day of ovulation?

A

4-10ng/ml -> breed 2 days from this

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26
Q

How many superficial cells means she is in oestrus?

A

> 90%

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27
Q

What types of cells are seen in anoestrus?

A

parabasal + small intermediate

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28
Q

What types of cells are seen in proestrus?

A

early -> RBC, epithelial cells, may be neutrophils

late -> % superficial cells and large intermediate cells increases

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29
Q

What types of cells are present during oestrus?

A

> 90% superficial epithelial cells
No neutrophils
Bacteria seen
RBC may be seen

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30
Q

What cells are present during dioestrus?

A

Increase in parabasal and small intermediate cells

Neutrophils may reappear

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31
Q

Explain the changes in vaginal mucosa between stages of the cycle

A

early proestrus -> oedematous
Late proestrus -> folds shrink, less oedematous
Oestrus -> shrinkage intensifies
Dioestrus - smoothing out of vaginal mucosa

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32
Q

What is crenulation?

A

Vaginal mucosa becomes oedematous in response to LH surge (as oestrogen starts to decrease)
Causes wrinkling at fertile period

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33
Q

What stage has no crenulation?

A

Anoestrus

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34
Q

How many times should a bitch be bred in natural mating?

A

2-3 times every 48 hours

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35
Q

What are the 3 methods for AI?

A
  1. Vaginal insemination
  2. Surgical intra-uterine insemination (frozen)
  3. Trans-cervical insemination
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36
Q

List 4 reasons for vaginal insemination

A
  1. Bitch and stud not compatible behaviour
  2. Shipped semen
  3. Prevent disease
  4. Bitch has problems that prevent mating
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37
Q

Why would we use trans-cervical insemination and what dose for fresh or frozen semen?

A

Frozen or fresh semen
Poor quality semen from valuable dog
Fresh semen -> 200 million PMS
Frozen -> 100 million PMS

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38
Q

Advantages of TCI over surgical AI

A

No need for anaesthesia
Less invasive
Repeat inseminations are possible

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39
Q

Example schedule for TCI (spotting noticed on 13/2, ovulation on 26/2) -> when is her fertile period?

A

P4 was 13 at ovulation

Fertile period -> 28th-3rd

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40
Q

How long is whelping from LH surge?

A

64-66 days

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41
Q

How long is whelping from ovulation?

A

62-64 days (63+- 1)

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42
Q

How long is whelping from cytological dioestrus?

A

56-58 days

57 +/- 1 day

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43
Q

What type of placentation do dogs have?

A

Endothelialchorial - zonary

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44
Q

Explain haemodilution

A

haematocrit decreases by 30% 7-9 weeks of gestation

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45
Q

How is pregnancy maintained?

A

The CL -> prolactin and LH required for CL maintenance

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46
Q

Explain what “zonary” placentation means (transfer, pigmented and transparent zone)

A

Band like zone of chorionic villi -> transfer zone

Pigmented zone -> either end of central zone for iron transport

Transparent zone -> distal ends of chorion with poor vascularity - absorbing materials from uterine lumen

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47
Q

List 5 methods for pregnancy diagnosis

A
  1. Serum relaxin - 28 days after LH
  2. Acute phase proteins - C reactive protein, haptoglobin used 28 days after LH
  3. Abdominal palpation (28-30 days after ovulation)
  4. Transabdominal ultrasonography
  5. Radiography 45 days after LH surge
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48
Q

What is serum relaxin produced by?

A

Placenta

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49
Q

What accessory glands do dogs have?

A

Prostate

50
Q

When does puberty occur in studs?

A

6-10 months

51
Q

How long is spermatogenesis?

A

60-70 days

52
Q

How long does copulatory lock occur for?

A

5-30 minutes

53
Q

Name the 3 sperm fractions and their mls

A
  1. Pre-sperm 0.25-3ml
  2. Sperm rich - 0.4-3ml
  3. Prostatic - 1-30ml
54
Q

How many sperm are in the ejaculate?

A

200 million

55
Q

How many sperm are motile?

A

60-90%

56
Q

How many sperm should be normal?

A

75%

57
Q

What should seminal alkaline phosphatase be?

A

5000IU/L
More than this -> sperm production low

Less than this -> normal sperm but blockage present

58
Q

How long is first stage coitus?

A

1-2 minutes

59
Q

How long is second stage coitus?

A

5-45 minutes

3rd fraction ejaculated

60
Q

List the 6 types of abnormal oestrus cycles

A
  1. Failure of first oestrus
  2. Failure of oestrus cycles
  3. Prolonged oestrus
  4. Split proestrus
  5. Split oestrus
  6. Hypothyroidism
61
Q

When should a bitch have her first oestrus and when should she be in puberty?

A

By 2 years

6-10 months should be in puberty

62
Q

What are some differential diagnosis for failure of first oestrus?

A

failure to see it
Silent first oestrus
Intersex
Gonadal agenesis

63
Q

How do we diagnose failure of first oestrus?

A 
Examine teats and vulva for enlargement -> if it is then do cytology
Expose bitch to teaser
Serum progesterone (CL or not)
Gonadotrophin stimulation test - using hCG
64
Q

How do we treat failure of first oestrus? (2 things)

A

Stimulation of ovaries with eCG 3 times a day to determine effect

Cabergoline (dopamine agonist) - lowers prolactin to lyse CL

65
Q

What are differential diagnosis for sudden failure to cycle?

A

Ovarian problems
Issue with hypothalamus or pituitary
Poor body condition/disease

66
Q

How do we diagnose failure to cycle?

A

Physical exam

Thyroid work up - low thyroxine affects cyclicity

Serial progesterone assay (every 10-14 days to see if she goes above baseline meaning she has cycled)

Ultrasound/abdominal radiograph

67
Q

What are 3 treatments for failure of oestrus?

A

Cabergoline -> increase GnRH

eCG -> LH action

GnRH agonist -> Deslorelin implant - 7-10 days see proestral bleeding

68
Q

What defines prolonged oestrus?

A

more than 3-4 weeks

69
Q

What are differential diagnosis for prolonged oestrus?

A

Failure to ovulate
Steroid producing cystic follicle
False oestrus - inflamed caudal tract and swollen vulva
Granulosa cell tumour producing oestrogen

70
Q

How do we treat prolonged oestrus?

A

Monitor progesterone and breed if she is normal
Use progestins
Induce ovulation (GnRH or hCG)
Ovarioectomy

71
Q

Name oestrus suppression drugs for prolonged oestrus

A
  1. Progestins
  2. GnRH agonists -> ovuplant suppress for 6-12 months
  3. GnRH antagonists
  4. Androgens - negative feedback on hypothalamus
72
Q

What is split prooestrus?

A

Normal signs of proestrus but doesnt enter oestrus - then proestus occurs again followed by oestrus

Reason -> failure of follicular maturation

73
Q

What is split oestrus?

A

Normal proestrus, enters oestrus, refuses male for 3-7 days and resumes receptivity

Progesterone assay useful

May rebreed during second part of oestrus

74
Q

How does hypothyroidism cause oestrus irregularity?

A

Low thyroxine -> less neg feedback on hypothalamus -> increased TRH and TSH -> elevated prolactin -> less GnRH and failure of ovulation

75
Q

How do we treat hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroxine replacement therapy

76
Q

Infertility due to anomalies/diseases - causes

A

Urogenital sinus or mullerian duct or junction of both ducts

77
Q

List 5 anomalies of reproductive tract

A
  1. Hymen remnant
  2. Vulvovestibular strictures
  3. Vestibulovaginal strictures
  4. Complete vaginal septum
  5. Annular structure
78
Q

What 3 things can vaginal anomalies cause at breeding?

A

Pain
Block intromission
Block sperm transport

79
Q

How do we diagnose vaginal anomalies?

A

Digital exam per vaginum

Vaginoscopic exam

80
Q

What age are vaginal tumours seen?

A

5-6 years old

81
Q

How do we diagnose vaginal tumours?

A

Vaginoscopic exam
Digital exam
Vaginal cytology

82
Q

What is vaginal prolapse?

A

A sequel to elevated oestrogen during proestrus that persists through oestrus
Vaginal tissues enlarge with oedema

83
Q

Where does vaginal hyperplasia start (as part of vaginal prolapse)

A

Starts on vaginal floor cranial to urethral opening and progresses circumferentially - affects urination

84
Q

What are 2 differential diagnosis for vaginal prolapse/hyperplasia?

A

Uterine prolapse

Vaginal polyp or tumour

85
Q

How do we treat vaginal prolapse?

A 
Topically
Induce ovulation
Surgical removal of tissue 
Progesterone treatment
Spay
86
Q

What are signs of vaginitis?

A

Recent infection recurred

Vulval licking, attracting males, urinary incontinence

87
Q

Clinical signs of vaginitis

A

Purulent vaginal discharge
Vulvar lip pyoderma
Hyperaemia on the vestibular mucosa

88
Q

How do we diagnose vaginitis?

A

Examine perineal anatomy
Vaginal cytology/culture -> lots bacteria may be significant
Vaginal exam
Rule out UTI

89
Q

How do we treat vaginitis?

A

Systemic antibiotics for 4-6 weeks
Correction of anatomical defects
Oestrogen for spayed bitches to improve vulva confirmation

90
Q

What are 3 diseases and one factor causing infertility?

A
  1. Endometritis
  2. Cystic Endometrial hyperplasia
  3. Pyometra

Mismating

91
Q

What will cytology show and how do we treat endometritis?

A

Lots of neutrophils in late proestrus + oestrus
Treat with antibiotics
No apparent clinical disease

92
Q

What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)?

A

Seen in nulliparous older bitches that havent been pregnant
Hyperplasia + cyst formation on uterine glands + fluid in uterus
Predisposes to uterine bacterial infection and infertility

93
Q

How do we diagnose CEH?

A

Abdominal ultrasound

Endometrial biopsy

94
Q

How do we treat CEH?

A

Ovariohysterectomy

95
Q

What is a predisposing factor for pyometra?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

96
Q

What are features of pyometra?

A

Uterine infection during dieostrus with accumulation of pus

CL present

97
Q

What are clinical signs of pyometra?

A

Depressed, PU/PD, vomiting
with out without purulent discharge (cervix closed)

Can have heavy vaginal discharge and weight loss sometimes

98
Q

How do we diagnose pyometra?

A

Vaginal cytology
Abdomen palpation
Ultrasound
Radiography

99
Q

What are the 2 types of pyometra?

A

Open or closed cervix

Closed -> give low dose PG and increase slowly once it opens up and fluid releases

100
Q

How do we treat pyometra?

A

Ovariohysterectomy after fluids and antibiotics

PG for uterine evaculation

Alizin -> 2 injections 24hrs apart progesterone blocker to open cervix and drain pus

101
Q

Follow up tretament for pyometra

A

Measure serum PG to ensure luteolysis

3-6week antibiotics

Ultrasound to ensure no more pus

102
Q

What breeding management is there for pyometra?

A

Use antibiotics during proestrus and oestrus

Breed on next cycle

103
Q

How do we fix mismating?

A

at 25-30d confirm pregnancy and give mismate shot

PGF2a or cabergoline

104
Q

What infectious disease causes infertility?

A

Canine herpes virus - respiratory and genital infection

105
Q

What does canine herpes virus cause?

A

EED, abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death

106
Q

How do we diagnose herpes?

A

Serology, histology and necroscopy of pups

107
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Spontaneous enlargement of prostate in 80% of dogs over 5 years old
Glandular and stromal hyperplasia due to DHT

108
Q

What are clinical signs of BPH?

A

Haemorrhagic urethral discharge
Haematuria
Haemospermia
Poor semen quality

109
Q

How do we diagnose BPH?

A 
Clinical signs 
Palpation
Prostatic imaging 
Cytology and culture of semen
Serum canine prostatic specific enterase will be increased
110
Q

How do we treat BPH?

A

Castration

Flutamide - antiandrogen 5mg/kg/d

5-a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride) treatment of choice

111
Q

Name 2 testicular tumours

A

Sertoli cell tumour

Interstitial cell tumour

112
Q

Describe sertoli cell tumours

A

Most common tumour in retained testis
60% oestrogen producing
Personality change, enlarged nipples, hair loss, infertility, decreased libido, attractive to other males

Prepucial smear = stratified squamous epithelium

113
Q

Describe interstitial cell tumours

A

Common - not in retained testis
Affects leydig cells
Surgically remove

114
Q

What are 4 other conditions of males?

A
  1. Balanoposthitis
  2. Cryptorchidism
  3. Phimosis
  4. Paraphimosis
115
Q

What is balanoposthitis?

A

Inflammation of penis and prepuce with purulent preputial discharge

Treated with systemic antibiotics

116
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Failure of testis to desend from genital ridge
Testis can be abdominal, inguinal or subcutaenous
Surgical treatment

Should descend by 1-3 months normally

117
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Failure to protrude penis out of prepuce (congenital or acquired lesions)

118
Q

What is paraphimosis

A

Failure to get penis back into prepuce - congenital or acquired

Can be due to neurologic disease, trauma, neoplasia

Surgery of prepuce of penile amputation

119
Q

How do we test for testicular tissue?

A

hCG - 500 IU take bloods 1hr later and see if T increases

GnRH -> increase in testosterone = testicular tissue

120
Q

How do we determine if functional ovarian tissue is left?

A

hCG stimulation -> induce ovulation and measure progesterone a week later

AMH test -> detect testicular or ovarian tissue - submit serum sample of blood

121
Q

7 ways the canine reproductive cycle is unique

A
  1. Progesterone increases before ovulation
  2. Oestrus behaviour needs mix of progesterone and oestrogen
  3. Bitches ovulate primary oocyte - 2 more days to mature to secondary
  4. Mature oocytes viable for 4-5d
  5. Dioestrus similar duration to pregnancy
  6. Obligatory anoestrus (av 4 months)
  7. NO MRP

Reproduction (9 decks)

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