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Canine Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the canine oestrus cycle type

A

Monoestrus and non-seasonal (3 cycles in 2 years)

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2
Q

When is the first pubertal heat?

A

6-10 months of age

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3
Q

What is the inter-oestrus interval?

A

4-12 months

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4
Q

What is the angle of the vestibule?

A

80 degrees

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5
Q

Where is a vaginal swab taken?

A

Cranial vagina

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6
Q

Where is the fornix located?

A

Ventral side only

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7
Q

Describe the shape of the vagina

A

Narrow cranially and wider caudally

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8
Q

Name the 4 stages of the oestrus cycle and their length

A

Proestrus - 9 days average
Oestrus - 9 days average
Dioestrus - 60 days average
Anoestrus - 5 months

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9
Q

Describe Proestrus signs

A

vulvar swelling, serosanginous vulvar discharge, vaginal epithelium cornified with 30 layers at end of this stage

First drop of blood - follicle begins growing

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10
Q

Describe the hormones during proestrus

A

Oestrogen peaks - LH surge then follows in oestrus
Progesterone low until late proestrus
LH pulses
FSH low

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11
Q

Describe oestrus symptoms

A

Softening of vulva, vaginal epithelium completely cornified, female allows copulation

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12
Q

Describe oestrus hormones

A

Oestrogen drops to basal
Progesterone increasing rapidly
LH surge - ovulation within 2 days
Ovulation

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13
Q

Describe signs of dioestrus

A

Return to non-cornified vaginal epithelium
CL presence for entire 60 days
Progesterone drops in second half

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14
Q

How long does the LH surge last?

A

24 hours (entire up and down spike)

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15
Q

When after LH surge does ovulation occur?

A

48 hours

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16
Q

What type of oocyte is ovulated? How long after LH surge can fertilisation occur?

A

A primary oocyte not capable of fertilisation- takes 48 hours for a final division for this

So 4 days after LH surge fertilisation can occur

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17
Q

How long is gestation?

A

65 +/- 1 day

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18
Q

What is examined for general health in a pre-breeding exam?

A

Physical exam
vaccination status
Genetic defect screening

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19
Q

What is examined on a reproductive exam?

A

vulvar confirmation
Vaginal exam - blockage
Mammary glands
Serology if required

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20
Q

what is the lifespan of a secondary oocyte?

A

4-5 days

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21
Q

How many follicles are polyovular?

A

20-30%

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22
Q

List 5 ways to predict ovulation

A
  1. Progesterone assay
  2. LH assay (expensive)
  3. Vaginal cytology
  4. Vaginal mucosal changes
  5. Ultrasound of ovaries (difficult)
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23
Q

Describe the cycle of progesterone

A

During anoestrus and proestrus is <1ng/ml
Increases 2-3 days before ovulation
Increases to >1ng/ml before and during LH surge
Peak = 10-15 days after ovulation

1ng = 3.18nmol/L

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24
Q

What will serum P4 be 2 days before ovulation?

A

1-2ng/ml -> breed 4 days after this

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25
What will serum P4 be on the day of ovulation?
4-10ng/ml -> breed 2 days from this
26
How many superficial cells means she is in oestrus?
>90%
27
What types of cells are seen in anoestrus?
parabasal + small intermediate
28
What types of cells are seen in proestrus?
early -> RBC, epithelial cells, may be neutrophils late -> % superficial cells and large intermediate cells increases
29
What types of cells are present during oestrus?
>90% superficial epithelial cells No neutrophils Bacteria seen RBC may be seen
30
What cells are present during dioestrus?
Increase in parabasal and small intermediate cells Neutrophils may reappear
31
Explain the changes in vaginal mucosa between stages of the cycle
early proestrus -> oedematous Late proestrus -> folds shrink, less oedematous Oestrus -> shrinkage intensifies Dioestrus - smoothing out of vaginal mucosa
32
What is crenulation?
Vaginal mucosa becomes oedematous in response to LH surge (as oestrogen starts to decrease) Causes wrinkling at fertile period
33
What stage has no crenulation?
Anoestrus
34
How many times should a bitch be bred in natural mating?
2-3 times every 48 hours
35
What are the 3 methods for AI?
1. Vaginal insemination 2. Surgical intra-uterine insemination (frozen) 3. Trans-cervical insemination
36
List 4 reasons for vaginal insemination
1. Bitch and stud not compatible behaviour 2. Shipped semen 3. Prevent disease 4. Bitch has problems that prevent mating
37
Why would we use trans-cervical insemination and what dose for fresh or frozen semen?
Frozen or fresh semen Poor quality semen from valuable dog Fresh semen -> 200 million PMS Frozen -> 100 million PMS
38
Advantages of TCI over surgical AI
No need for anaesthesia Less invasive Repeat inseminations are possible
39
Example schedule for TCI (spotting noticed on 13/2, ovulation on 26/2) -> when is her fertile period?
P4 was 13 at ovulation | Fertile period -> 28th-3rd
40
How long is whelping from LH surge?
64-66 days
41
How long is whelping from ovulation?
62-64 days (63+- 1)
42
How long is whelping from cytological dioestrus?
56-58 days 57 +/- 1 day
43
What type of placentation do dogs have?
Endothelialchorial - zonary
44
Explain haemodilution
haematocrit decreases by 30% 7-9 weeks of gestation
45
How is pregnancy maintained?
The CL -> prolactin and LH required for CL maintenance
46
Explain what "zonary" placentation means (transfer, pigmented and transparent zone)
Band like zone of chorionic villi -> transfer zone Pigmented zone -> either end of central zone for iron transport Transparent zone -> distal ends of chorion with poor vascularity - absorbing materials from uterine lumen
47
List 5 methods for pregnancy diagnosis
1. Serum relaxin - 28 days after LH 2. Acute phase proteins - C reactive protein, haptoglobin used 28 days after LH 3. Abdominal palpation (28-30 days after ovulation) 4. Transabdominal ultrasonography 5. Radiography 45 days after LH surge
48
What is serum relaxin produced by?
Placenta
49
What accessory glands do dogs have?
Prostate
50
When does puberty occur in studs?
6-10 months
51
How long is spermatogenesis?
60-70 days
52
How long does copulatory lock occur for?
5-30 minutes
53
Name the 3 sperm fractions and their mls
1. Pre-sperm 0.25-3ml 2. Sperm rich - 0.4-3ml 3. Prostatic - 1-30ml
54
How many sperm are in the ejaculate?
200 million
55
How many sperm are motile?
60-90%
56
How many sperm should be normal?
75%
57
What should seminal alkaline phosphatase be?
5000IU/L More than this -> sperm production low Less than this -> normal sperm but blockage present
58
How long is first stage coitus?
1-2 minutes
59
How long is second stage coitus?
5-45 minutes | 3rd fraction ejaculated
60
List the 6 types of abnormal oestrus cycles
1. Failure of first oestrus 2. Failure of oestrus cycles 3. Prolonged oestrus 4. Split proestrus 5. Split oestrus 6. Hypothyroidism
61
When should a bitch have her first oestrus and when should she be in puberty?
By 2 years | 6-10 months should be in puberty
62
What are some differential diagnosis for failure of first oestrus?
failure to see it Silent first oestrus Intersex Gonadal agenesis
63
How do we diagnose failure of first oestrus?
``` Examine teats and vulva for enlargement -> if it is then do cytology Expose bitch to teaser Serum progesterone (CL or not) Gonadotrophin stimulation test - using hCG ```
64
How do we treat failure of first oestrus? (2 things)
Stimulation of ovaries with eCG 3 times a day to determine effect Cabergoline (dopamine agonist) - lowers prolactin to lyse CL
65
What are differential diagnosis for sudden failure to cycle?
Ovarian problems Issue with hypothalamus or pituitary Poor body condition/disease
66
How do we diagnose failure to cycle?
Physical exam Thyroid work up - low thyroxine affects cyclicity Serial progesterone assay (every 10-14 days to see if she goes above baseline meaning she has cycled) Ultrasound/abdominal radiograph
67
What are 3 treatments for failure of oestrus?
Cabergoline -> increase GnRH eCG -> LH action GnRH agonist -> Deslorelin implant - 7-10 days see proestral bleeding
68
What defines prolonged oestrus?
more than 3-4 weeks
69
What are differential diagnosis for prolonged oestrus?
Failure to ovulate Steroid producing cystic follicle False oestrus - inflamed caudal tract and swollen vulva Granulosa cell tumour producing oestrogen
70
How do we treat prolonged oestrus?
Monitor progesterone and breed if she is normal Use progestins Induce ovulation (GnRH or hCG) Ovarioectomy
71
Name oestrus suppression drugs for prolonged oestrus
1. Progestins 2. GnRH agonists -> ovuplant suppress for 6-12 months 3. GnRH antagonists 4. Androgens - negative feedback on hypothalamus
72
What is split prooestrus?
Normal signs of proestrus but doesnt enter oestrus - then proestus occurs again followed by oestrus Reason -> failure of follicular maturation
73
What is split oestrus?
Normal proestrus, enters oestrus, refuses male for 3-7 days and resumes receptivity Progesterone assay useful May rebreed during second part of oestrus
74
How does hypothyroidism cause oestrus irregularity?
Low thyroxine -> less neg feedback on hypothalamus -> increased TRH and TSH -> elevated prolactin -> less GnRH and failure of ovulation
75
How do we treat hypothyroidism?
Thyroxine replacement therapy
76
Infertility due to anomalies/diseases - causes
Urogenital sinus or mullerian duct or junction of both ducts
77
List 5 anomalies of reproductive tract
1. Hymen remnant 2. Vulvovestibular strictures 3. Vestibulovaginal strictures 4. Complete vaginal septum 5. Annular structure
78
What 3 things can vaginal anomalies cause at breeding?
Pain Block intromission Block sperm transport
79
How do we diagnose vaginal anomalies?
Digital exam per vaginum | Vaginoscopic exam
80
What age are vaginal tumours seen?
5-6 years old
81
How do we diagnose vaginal tumours?
Vaginoscopic exam Digital exam Vaginal cytology
82
What is vaginal prolapse?
A sequel to elevated oestrogen during proestrus that persists through oestrus Vaginal tissues enlarge with oedema
83
Where does vaginal hyperplasia start (as part of vaginal prolapse)
Starts on vaginal floor cranial to urethral opening and progresses circumferentially - affects urination
84
What are 2 differential diagnosis for vaginal prolapse/hyperplasia?
Uterine prolapse | Vaginal polyp or tumour
85
How do we treat vaginal prolapse?
``` Topically Induce ovulation Surgical removal of tissue Progesterone treatment Spay ```
86
What are signs of vaginitis?
Recent infection recurred | Vulval licking, attracting males, urinary incontinence
87
Clinical signs of vaginitis
Purulent vaginal discharge Vulvar lip pyoderma Hyperaemia on the vestibular mucosa
88
How do we diagnose vaginitis?
Examine perineal anatomy Vaginal cytology/culture -> lots bacteria may be significant Vaginal exam Rule out UTI
89
How do we treat vaginitis?
Systemic antibiotics for 4-6 weeks Correction of anatomical defects Oestrogen for spayed bitches to improve vulva confirmation
90
What are 3 diseases and one factor causing infertility?
1. Endometritis 2. Cystic Endometrial hyperplasia 3. Pyometra Mismating
91
What will cytology show and how do we treat endometritis?
Lots of neutrophils in late proestrus + oestrus Treat with antibiotics No apparent clinical disease
92
What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)?
Seen in nulliparous older bitches that havent been pregnant Hyperplasia + cyst formation on uterine glands + fluid in uterus Predisposes to uterine bacterial infection and infertility
93
How do we diagnose CEH?
Abdominal ultrasound | Endometrial biopsy
94
How do we treat CEH?
Ovariohysterectomy
95
What is a predisposing factor for pyometra?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
96
What are features of pyometra?
Uterine infection during dieostrus with accumulation of pus CL present
97
What are clinical signs of pyometra?
Depressed, PU/PD, vomiting with out without purulent discharge (cervix closed) Can have heavy vaginal discharge and weight loss sometimes
98
How do we diagnose pyometra?
Vaginal cytology Abdomen palpation Ultrasound Radiography
99
What are the 2 types of pyometra?
Open or closed cervix Closed -> give low dose PG and increase slowly once it opens up and fluid releases
100
How do we treat pyometra?
Ovariohysterectomy after fluids and antibiotics PG for uterine evaculation Alizin -> 2 injections 24hrs apart progesterone blocker to open cervix and drain pus
101
Follow up tretament for pyometra
Measure serum PG to ensure luteolysis 3-6week antibiotics Ultrasound to ensure no more pus
102
What breeding management is there for pyometra?
Use antibiotics during proestrus and oestrus | Breed on next cycle
103
How do we fix mismating?
at 25-30d confirm pregnancy and give mismate shot PGF2a or cabergoline
104
What infectious disease causes infertility?
Canine herpes virus - respiratory and genital infection
105
What does canine herpes virus cause?
EED, abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death
106
How do we diagnose herpes?
Serology, histology and necroscopy of pups
107
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Spontaneous enlargement of prostate in 80% of dogs over 5 years old Glandular and stromal hyperplasia due to DHT
108
What are clinical signs of BPH?
Haemorrhagic urethral discharge Haematuria Haemospermia Poor semen quality
109
How do we diagnose BPH?
``` Clinical signs Palpation Prostatic imaging Cytology and culture of semen Serum canine prostatic specific enterase will be increased ```
110
How do we treat BPH?
Castration Flutamide - antiandrogen 5mg/kg/d 5-a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride) treatment of choice
111
Name 2 testicular tumours
Sertoli cell tumour | Interstitial cell tumour
112
Describe sertoli cell tumours
Most common tumour in retained testis 60% oestrogen producing Personality change, enlarged nipples, hair loss, infertility, decreased libido, attractive to other males Prepucial smear = stratified squamous epithelium
113
Describe interstitial cell tumours
Common - not in retained testis Affects leydig cells Surgically remove
114
What are 4 other conditions of males?
1. Balanoposthitis 2. Cryptorchidism 3. Phimosis 4. Paraphimosis
115
What is balanoposthitis?
Inflammation of penis and prepuce with purulent preputial discharge Treated with systemic antibiotics
116
What is cryptorchidism?
Failure of testis to desend from genital ridge Testis can be abdominal, inguinal or subcutaenous Surgical treatment Should descend by 1-3 months normally
117
What is phimosis?
Failure to protrude penis out of prepuce (congenital or acquired lesions)
118
What is paraphimosis
Failure to get penis back into prepuce - congenital or acquired Can be due to neurologic disease, trauma, neoplasia Surgery of prepuce of penile amputation
119
How do we test for testicular tissue?
hCG - 500 IU take bloods 1hr later and see if T increases GnRH -> increase in testosterone = testicular tissue
120
How do we determine if functional ovarian tissue is left?
hCG stimulation -> induce ovulation and measure progesterone a week later AMH test -> detect testicular or ovarian tissue - submit serum sample of blood
121
7 ways the canine reproductive cycle is unique
1. Progesterone increases before ovulation 2. Oestrus behaviour needs mix of progesterone and oestrogen 3. Bitches ovulate primary oocyte - 2 more days to mature to secondary 4. Mature oocytes viable for 4-5d 5. Dioestrus similar duration to pregnancy 6. Obligatory anoestrus (av 4 months) 7. NO MRP

Reproduction (9 decks)

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