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Reproduction > Ovine > Flashcards

Ovine Flashcards

1
Q

When does puberty occur?

A

6-9 months at 60% of mature bodyweight

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2
Q

Describe the placenta

A

Caruncles and cotyledons - epitheliochorial

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3
Q

Name the 6 types of cervix

A 
Duck bill 
Slit
Rose
Papilla
Flap 
Spiral
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4
Q

Name the 4 types of AI

A
  1. Shot in the dark
  2. Intracervical
  3. Laproscopic (intrauterine)
  4. Over the rail
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5
Q

What types of breeders are sheep?

A

Short day

Seasonally polyoestrus

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6
Q

How long is the oestrus cycle?

A

14-19 (16) days

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7
Q

How long is oestrus?

A

24 hours average - shorter in maidens and longer in older years

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8
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

24-30 horus after onset of oestrus (the end)

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9
Q

How long is the luteal phase?

A

13d

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10
Q

How many follicular waves per cycle?

A

3-4 per cycle

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11
Q

Oestrus behaviour examples

A

Seeking service
Stands for mounting
Sexually active groups seek the ram not other females

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12
Q

What is the gestation length in sheep?

A

145-150 days

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13
Q

When is IFN tau released?

A

Before 14 days - prevents PGF2a

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14
Q

When is the CL responsive?

A

50 days - only present for this long in the sheep (PGF2a use in sheep before this can abort pregnancy)

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15
Q

Name 2 substances released during maternal recognition of pregnancy and how do they do cause MRP?

A
  1. IFN tau (trophoblast)
  2. Ovine trophoblastic protein

Inhibit expression of oxytocin receptors -> no PGF2a -> CL remains

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16
Q

When can we diagnose pregnancy with ultrasound?

A

reliably >40d gestation

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17
Q

Where does pregnancy specific protein B come from and when?

A

Comes from binucleate giant cells in placenta

Can identify this from 14 days

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18
Q

What is the ratio for adult paddock matings?

A

1:50

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19
Q

What is the ratio for synchronised females in season?

A

1:10

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20
Q

What is the purpose of CIDR?

A

Produce progesterone and extend luteal phase

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21
Q

What is the purpose of sponges?

A

Progesterone release

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22
Q

How long are sponges or CIDRs inserted for and what is the process after their removal?

A

12-14 days
Inseminate 55 hours after removal

Spring joining -> inject 400IU eCG after removal

Frozen AI -> 400IU eCG and do laproscopic AI 55 hours after removal

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23
Q

Name 2 prostaglandin oestrus synchronisers

A

Lutalyse

Estrumate

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24
Q

What must be present in order for prostaglandin oestrus synchronisers to work?

A

A 5 day CL

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25
Q

What is the process of using Lutalyse and Estrumate?

A

2 injections 9-12 days apart

Oestrus occurs 2-4 days after second injection

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26
Q

What is the ram effect and when can it occur?

A

If ewes isolated for 1 month they respond to ram introduction with LH surge within 48 hours and ovulation 3-5 days after rams put in
First ovulation = silent -> will be in standing heat next time

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27
Q

When would you breed after using ram effect?

A

21d after ram introduction

Do remainder 28 days if some were silent

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28
Q

Is the ram effect suitable for fixed time AI?

A

No -> synchrony not right enough

Can use alonside drugs to enhance LH surge (when CIDRs are removed for example)

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29
Q

How much does the ram effect advance the season?

A

3-6 weeks

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30
Q

Example Ram Effect schedule

A 
Day 0 -> teasers in 
3-5 -> silent heat 
14 -> teasers out rams in
21 -> early mating group 
28 -> late mating group
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31
Q

How do we prepare teaser rams for the ram effect?

A

3 injections 2ml testosterone weekly

Last injection when turned in with the ewes

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32
Q

what are the conception rates for the shot in the dark method?

A

50% (vaginal AI)

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33
Q

What are the conception rates for over the rail?

A

65%

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34
Q

What are the conception rates for laparoscopy?

A

65%

35
Q

What difference does increasing the sperm number make if we inseminate deeper than 1cm into the cervix?

A

3% difference in conception rates between 50 and 400 million sperm -> no point using a larger dose if we inseminate like this

36
Q

If we are using fresh sperm, is there an ideal place to inseminate it?

A

No - vaginal, cervical and uterine yield the same conception rates with fresh sperm

37
Q

When do rams go through puberty and what are 2 factors that affect this?

A

6 months -> birth time and breed

38
Q

What age does a buck hit puberty?

A

3 months

39
Q

What type of scrotum do rams have?

A

Pendulous

40
Q

What accessory glands do rams have?

A

All

41
Q

Name 5 factors affecting ram reproductive performace

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Libido
  3. Sperm production (scrotal C.)
  4. Season effects
  5. Reproductive disease
42
Q

What does obesity or anorexia cause in rams?

A

Loss of libido
Reduced sperm production
Reduced stamina

43
Q

Which testis is larger in the ram?

A

The right is larger

44
Q

Name 6 things we look for in scrotal pathology

A
  1. Scabies
  2. Photosensitisation
  3. Scrotal dermatitis
  4. Insect bites
  5. Allergic reactions
  6. Ectoparasites
45
Q

Name 6 things that would cause us to cull a ram

A
  1. Epididymitis
  2. Pizzle rot
  3. Penile adhesions
  4. Cryptochidism
  5. Scrotal abcess
  6. Penile deviations
46
Q

Name 2 testicular conditions in the ram

A

Brucellosis

Epididymitis

47
Q

What is brucellosis and how do we test for it?

A

A venereal disease causing epididymitis in rams and thick necrotic placentitis in ewes
Reduced fertility/sterility
Test semen/blood

48
Q

How do we diagnose epididymitis and what is it usually caused by?

A

Usually brucella ovis or A seminis infection

Palpate testis and epididymis

49
Q

How does brucella ovis infect?

A

Enters systemic circulation via mucous membranes (vaginal, prepucial or conjunctival)

50
Q

When does seroconversion occur with brucella ovis infection?

A

1-2 weeks post infection

51
Q

When does shedding of brucella ovis occur in semen?

A

4-6 weeks post infection

52
Q

List clinical signs in ewes of brucella ovis

A

Return to oestrus
25-35% abortions in affected flocks
Thick necrotic placentitis
No permanent infection

53
Q

List 4 clinical signs of brucella ovis in the ram

A

Enlargement + fibrosis of epididymis
Reduced volume of testis
Semen culture and serology positive
Detached heads on spermiogram

54
Q

How do we control brucella ovis?

A

palpate + cull
vaccinate
ELISA

55
Q

Name 5 less common issues causing sub or infertility in the ram

A
  1. Developmental defects (wollfian duct issues)
  2. Spermiostasis (blind duct ends)
  3. Spermatocoele (cystic dilation of epididymal duct - sperm accumulation)
  4. Sperm granuloma - inflammatory reaction to sperm products
  5. Spermatic cord issues - abscess, hernia, tortion
56
Q

What is a “good” scrotal circumference rating for an animal <14 months and >14 months old?

A

<14 months - 36cm

>14 months - 40cm

57
Q

What is the duration of spermatogenesis and epididymal transit time in rams?

A

49 days

13-17 days transit

58
Q

What is a ram’s daily sperm production?

A

10 x 10^9

59
Q

What is the ideal volume, motility, morphology and concentration for a ram?

A

Volume - 0.5-1.5ml
Motility - 70-90%
Concentration - 2-5 x 10^9/ml
Morphology 70-90%

60
Q

What is “satisfactory” motility and morphology for a ram?

A

> 30% motile

>50% morphology

61
Q

what are 3 influences of the ram on the ram effect?

A

Age
Libido
depth of anestrum

62
Q

Name 6 factors contributing to reproductive wastage in sheep

A
  1. Ram infertility
  2. failure to conceive
  3. abortion
  4. perinatal mortality
  5. ewe mortality
  6. embryonic mortality
63
Q

What is the number 1 criteria of reproductive performance?

A

Lambs weaned per ewe joined

64
Q

Name 5 things to consider in flock history/observation

A
  1. Rams working
  2. Concentration of lambing
  3. Pasture condition
  4. time of joining
  5. parasite control
65
Q

4 factors reducing fertility at joining

A
  1. Anoestrus
  2. Failure of insemination
  3. Low ovulation rates
  4. Embryonic mortality
66
Q

How to diagnose anoestrus (3)

A
  1. Ram harnesses should have 70% marked in first 14 days
  2. Long lambing season
  3. Non-pregnant ewes at lambing
67
Q

5 reasons for failure of fertilisation

A
  1. Joining maidens + adults together
  2. Paddock topography (hills)
  3. Disease - B. ovis, A. seminis
  4. Oestrogenic pastures
  5. poor libido - lameness?
68
Q

Signs of failure of fertilisation

A
  1. return to service
  2. drawn out lambing
  3. poor lambing %
69
Q

Reasons for fertilisation failure with no return to service

A

Coming into season late in season
Lapsing back into anoestrus after ram effect

Signs -> poor lambing % with few returns to service

70
Q

When does peak ovulation rate occur?

A

Autumn

71
Q

What do phytooestrogens do and what produces them?

A

decrease multiple ovulation

Lucerne and clover pastures

72
Q

What is “flushing” a ewe?

A

Grazing protein/energy supplements (lupins) that increases ovulation rate before joining

73
Q

5 factors decreasing % lambs at marking

A 
Abortion 
Dystocia 
Predation 
Starving, mismothering and exposure (MSE complex)
Neonatal infection
74
Q

Name 4 bacteria/protozoa causing abortion

A
  1. Campylobacteriosis
  2. Listeriosis
  3. Chlamydia
  4. Streptococcus
75
Q

What does chlamydia do to sheep

A

Soil borne - get into placental tissues

vaginal and faecal swabs positive

76
Q

When is listeriosis a risk?

A

on high pH silage

77
Q

How is toxoplasmosis spread in sheep?

A

Cats are hosts - faeces eaten by ewe resulting in mid-late abortion and placental infection

78
Q

Name 4 viral abortion pathogens

A
  1. Bluetongue
  2. Border disease
  3. Arboviruses
  4. Brucella ovis
79
Q

When does bluetongue cause abortions?

A

Late gestation

80
Q

When does border disease (similar to pestivirus) cause abortion?

A

<85 days gestation

81
Q

Name 5 non-infectious causes of abortions

A
  1. Stressors and trauma
  2. Hyper/hypothermia
  3. protein calorie malnutrition
  4. Toxic plants
  5. Iodine or selenium deficiency
82
Q

Name 5 causes of dystocia in sheep

A
  1. Hypocalcaemia
  2. Postural abnormalities
  3. Multiple births
  4. Parity (maidens)
  5. Fetal anasarca
83
Q

Explain the SME complex

A

Starvation -> failure to suck (competition, weakness)

Mismothering -> multiple births, disturbance, inexperience

Exposure -> adverse lambing conditions, extreme temperatures, hypothermia

84
Q

Name causes of neonatal infection

A

High stocking density

Umbilical, oronasal or transplacental infection

Reproduction (9 decks)

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