Population - case studies Flashcards
For a country you have studied, analyze the reasons for, and the effects of overpopulation
Country - Bangladesh
General statistics - Northern eastern part of south Asia, LEDC, most densely populated location on the planet, the capital city is Dhakar. population is aproximatly 170 million
Reasons for overpopulation:
- Dhakar is one of the fastest-growing cities, which means there are a lot of job opportunities, approximately 4 new people are immigrating to Bangladesh per minute
- #1 biggest delta in the world is in bangladesh, Ganges delta leads to fertile soils
- good climate, avg 21 celcius throughout the year
- Lack of contraception and education about contraception, because the country is LEDC, leads to higher birth rates
- High birth rates, because of:
- Lack of overall education, leads to poor family planning
-Religious/cultural views - in some cultures it is common to have a lot of children
- since the country is L.E.D.C people choose to have a lot of kids to take care of them when they’re older
Effects of overpopulation:
- High crime rate
- Infrastructure problems (like traffic)
- Pressure/lack of education systems
- Abundancy of workers leads to lower salaries for everyone in the country, also high levels of unemployment –> 40% of people are unemployed
- High environmental impact, Lots of pollution (specifically water and air), there is also a lot of deforestation
- if a virus was introduced it would spread quickly & uncontrably,
- lack of space for housing
- lack of food and water, 4 million people live in slums without acess to a clean supply of water
For a country you have studied, outline the causes and effects of underpopulation
Country - Australia
Statistics:
- Australia is a M.E.D.C situated in Oceania, in the southern hemisphere between the Indian and pacific ocean
- captial city is Canberra
- Australia is the 4th most sparsely populated country in the world.
- Inside the country lies the outback, which is a large hot and barren land with some deserts in it.
- population = 22 million
Causes:
- Low birth rate of 1.7
- geographic locale - it is far away from areas such as U.S.A and U.K, this is a push factor as people don’t want to be far away from families
- geographic locale - it is far away from areas such as U.S.A and U.K, this is a push factor because transport to get there is expensive
- Outback, makes up 2/3 of the country, most of the country has an undesirable climate making it a push factor
- Outback, lack of water inland
- Shortage of existing workers
- High cost of living
Effects:
- aging population
- Schools and hospitals will close from low BR
- shortage or workers (only aproximatly 14million people employed) —> less tax revenue
- lack innovation (brain drain)
- lack of people in army –> ony 60,000 people in army
- not possible to exploit all resources
- public transport may close
- stores will close down as business may not make profit
For a country that you have studied, give the causes and effects of its rapidly rising population
Country - Kenya
Statistics:
Kenya is located in eastern Africa along the east coast, its capital city is Nairobi. approximately 42 percent of the population are below 15 years of age
Population is 54 million
Causes:
High birth rate of 27:
High BR from accidental births:
- lack of access to contraception
- lack of education of contraception
- lack of access to abortions
- lack of education, no family planning
- large amount of sex before 15
-Religious/cultural/traditional views
High BR from country being L.E.D.C:
-Parents need children for immediate income
-Parents need children to look after them when they’re older, no pension/retirement fund
- Low % of women in career, have time to raise kids
- High infant mortality rate
Immigration from Somalia:
Lots of Somalian refugees, Somalian civil war starting in 1980 over power dispute.
- High crime rate
- Infrastructure problems (like traffic)
- Pressure/lack of education systems
- Abundancy of workers leads to lower salaries for everyone in the country, also high levels of unemployment, avg salary is 1.25USD/H
- High environmental impact, Lots of pollution (specifically water and air), there is also a lot of deforestation
- if a virus was introduced it would spread quickly & uncontrably,
- lack of space for housing
- lack of food and water, lots of people live in slums without acess to a clean supply of water
For a country that you have studied, give the causes and effects of its population decline
Country - Russia
Statistics:
Russia is located in both northern europe and asia, the capital city is Moscow, it is a MEDC. Population decline is at stage 5 of the demographic transition model, and russia is one of the first few countries entering this stage
Causes:
- continuing downfall of living standards, leads to emmigration
- Climate, it is very cold, so it is tricky to create settlements in some areas to accomodate people
- disband of soviet union
- High cost of raising children
- More women choosing careers over children
- High death rates, because alcohol, heart disease, and accidents
Effects:
- Less labour and skills
- pressure on government
- Decrease in GDP
- Slower economic growth
- Loss of culture and traditions
- will soon become underpopulated
For a country that you have studied, give the causes and effects of its migration
Country - Syria
Statistics:
Syria is on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Asia. the capital is Damascus, the country is an L.E.D.C and is most commonly known for the civil war in 2011
During the civil war citizens of the country undergone forced migration, internally displaced migration or became refugees
Effects:
- Collapse in aggricultural sector
- Economic downfall
- Lack of education
- Underpopulation
- 3.6 million refugees went to turkey, which is bad for turkey
For a country you have studies, outline the causes, how it worked, and the effects of a natal policy
Country - China
Natal policy - Anti Natal
Statistics:
- China is located in Southeast Asia, the capital is Beijing. It is the third largest country in the world and is the most populated country, it is a M.I.C / M.E.D.C
- the country introduced a 1cp in 1976, which had the purpose of limiting the number of births in each family to slow the rapid population growth rate
Causes:
The population was growing too fast and the government was concerned the country was soon to be overpopulated
How did it work:
The government told every family to have 1 child only, the enforced this by
- Offering incentives, such as:
- better health care
- interest-free loans
- retirement funds
- better education
- better salary
- Consequences for those who didn’t abide, such as:
- Fetus aborted
- fired
- fines
- exclusion from society
- second child treated worse
- no priorities
- Grannys in neighbourhood were spies who reported to police, given title granny police
Effects:
- during the 1cp Many girls were aborted, killed or sent to orphaneges as they weren’t as desired as boys
- Education & wealth gaps as second children wern’t given lots of opportunities
- country is still the most populated country
- Sex ratio skewered - approximately 80% are male, means less women avaliable for marrige
- elderly and aging population
- some second born children weren’t reported to government, there are approximately 6 billion undocumented people in China
in 2016, the government this was a complete failure and changed it to a 2cp.
For a country that you have studied, give the causes and effects of its ageing population
Country - Japan
Statistics:
Japan is located in eastern asia, surrounded by the pacific ocean. The capital city is Tokyo. It is a MEDC and it is one of the first countries to enter stage 5 of the DTM, resulting in an ageing population. Japans population decreased by 3 million from 2010 to 2020. Population is 127 million right now
Causes:
- Better healthcare, life expectancy has increased to 84 years
- More women working, choose career over kids lowers birth rate
- People are less interested in having children
- M.E.D.C, gdp aproximatly 40,000 –> parents do not need a lot of children to help make money for them, unlike other countries
- it’s very expensive to be pregnant in japan.
- high education costs
Effects:
- Less people in army
- Less tax revenue
- more government expenditure on elderly homes and pensions
- more pressure on healthcare from diseases like alzheimers
- Less workforce, shortage of 380,000 workers by 2025
- less innovation (brain drain)
- grey pound -> worsens situation
- lack of kids puts pressure on education system, an average 450 schools close anually
For a country you have studied, outline the causes, effects on the country of origin, and effects of the country of destination for high levels of voluntary migration
Country - Mexico to U.S.A
Mexico and U.S.A are both located in North America, they both border the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. 13% of the U.S.A’s population are from immigrants, with Mexico being the main source. almost 11m Mexican immigrants live in the U.S.A now
Causes for migration:
- Push factors
- High crime rates in Mexico (bad rep from drug cartel)
- High unemployment and poverty rates
- More natural hazards and less protection from natural hazards in Mexico
- arid conditions cause water shortages in areas
- Pull factors
- Higher average income in U.S.A (ability to send remittances back to Mexico) (Mexico avg income is 17,000 USD while USA avg income is 37,000)
- Better quality of life
- better education and healthcare
Effects on Mexico:
- 49b USD remmitances towards Mexico (more money in economy) (however critics argue that Mexico will be dependant on these)
- Villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of inhabitants
- Young adults tend to migrate leaving an aging population
- Reduced workforce (slows economy) and reduced innovation (brain drain)
- ADD 1 MORE
Effects on USA:
- 49b USD lost to remmitances (loss of money is U.S.A economy)
- Increase in cultural and racial issues
- Illegal immigration costs the U.S.A lots of money on border control
- Pressure on healthcare and education
- U.S.A economy has benefited from low waged Mexican migrants
- Lots of people to fill jobs U.S.A natives don’t want to do (janitor)
- pressure on natural resources
- Higher workforce (Mexican immigrants make up 20% of U.S.A workforce)
