Lost mark questions Flashcards
What is meant by coastal erosion?
Corrosion (abrasion)
Corrosion (solution)
Hydrolic Action)
Managed retreat is a strategy where the coast is allowed to erode.
Suggest reasons why the authorities decided to allow managed retreat to occur along the section of coastline shown in Fig. 3.1 rather than protecting it from erosion.
Ideas such as:
Cost of protection would be too expensive ;
Few people may live along the coast / few houses threatened;
The land is farmland/woodland;
Protection of the coast (or example) may damage the natural environment;
Protection may put off tourists
Protection of this area of coast could have an adverse impact elsewhere
Suggest how the local natural environment of the island shown in Fig. 5.3 may be at risk from tourism.
Ideas such as:
Pollution of sea/water;
Fish killed/frightened away;
Loss of natural vegetation;
Destruction of habitat;
Impact on food chains/ecosystems;
Loss of biodiversity
Describe the conditions which are required for the development of a mangrove swamp.
High salinity;
Between high and low water mark / large tidal range;
Water higher than 20 °C in coldest month;
Seasonal temperature range lower than 5 °C / small temperature range;
Gentle wave action / sheltered coastline / delta/estuary/bay;
Low shore gradient etc.
Name one other process of coastal erosion. Explain how it is likely to have eroded the cliff shown in Fig. 3.1.
Process of coastal erosion …………………………………………………………………………………… Explanation …………
Processes such as:
Abrasion/corrasion;
Waves carry rocks;
Rocks thrown against cliff;
Sandpaper action;
Explain how hydraulic action is likely to have eroded the cliff shown in Fig. 3.1.
Power/weight of breaking waves;
Air enters cracks;
Air compressed;
Undercutting/collapse
Explain why increasing numbers of people aged 65 and over may cause problems for MEDCs, such as Australia.
Ideas such as:
Reduction in size of workforce/not enough workers/skills lost;
Many people are not contributing to economy/producing;
Less innovative workforce;
need for immigration;
immigration could cause tension;
increased dependency ratio;
people cannot work due to having to care for elderly;
less taxpayers;
workforce needs to pay higher taxes;
spending on pensions/government payments for elderly;
more pressure/higher spending on health care/care homes/hospitals; more difficult to defend country/recruit forces;
closure of/problems for specified services for young/or, e.g. schools
Explain why boundaries where plates move towards each other are known as destructive
boundaries.
Ideas such as; 2 (Edges of) the plates/crust destroyed;
Rock is melted/turned into magma/lava/goes into the mantle/crumpled, etc.
Explain why volcanoes form at places where plates move away from each other.
Ideas such as:
Gap/space created/opens up;
Magma/lava fills the gap/passes through cracks/fissures; Magma/lava rises to surface/escapes/is released;
New land/islands/ocean floor/crust created/lava solidifies, etc.
Explain why more deaths and injuries are caused by earthquakes than by volcanic eruptions.
Ideas such as: 5
Volcanoes give warnings/earthquakes cannot be so easily predicted;
People have time to evacuate/escape before volcano erupts/lava moves
slowly;
Earthquakes can affect a large area/volcano only affects those areas close to it;
Relatively few people live close enough to volcanoes to be affected by them/earthquakes can affect very densely populated areas;
Earthquakes are much more common than volcanic eruptions, etc.
Describe the changes which occur along a river and its valley from its source to its mouth.
You should refer to processes and landforms.
Answers are likely to refer to:
Width
Depth
volume
Long profile
Cross section
Discharge
Velocity
Load
Erosion….transportation…deposition
Named landforms in different parts of the course, etc.
Explain why HDI is considered to be a better indicator of the level of development of a country than its Gross National Product (GNP).
HDI is a composite indicator of development/HDI looks at social factors (as
well as economic factors);
HDI is not affected by population size unlike total GNP.
HDI can be used to show changes over time/it is not affected by inflation, etc.
