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Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

How does geology affect erosion

A

rocks erode at different rates

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2
Q

What is the fetch

A

The fetch is the distance that a wave travels

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3
Q

What are joints, bedding plains and faults

A

joints, bedding plains and faults are cracks in rocks, they lead to faster erosion

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4
Q

What is longshore drift

A

Longshore drift is the movment of material along the shore by wave action

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5
Q

What is the tidal range

A

Tidal range is the distance between the tide at it’s highest and the tide at it’s lowest

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6
Q

What is the swash

A

the swash is when a wave goes up the beach

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7
Q

What is the backwash

A

the backwash is when the wave comes back down the beach at the quickest angle (straight towards the sea)

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8
Q

What is geology

A

geology is the study of rocks

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9
Q

How does longshore drift happen

A

longshore drift is when the wind makes the swash move at an angle up the beach and the backwash coming back down straight forming a zigzag movement which moves the sediment along the beach

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10
Q

What are constructive waves

A

Constructive waves are waves with a strong swash and a weak backwash, this leaves the sediment on the beach which builds up

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11
Q

What are destructive waves

A

Destructive waves are waves with a weak swash but a strong backwash, this will remove all the sediment off the beach and will destory it

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12
Q

What is the definition for a dune

A

A dune is an area where sand has been trapped and built up to form a mound

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13
Q

Order the four dunes studied from the youngest dunes to the oldest dunes

A

Embryo dunes - Yellow dunes - Grey dunes - Mature dunes

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14
Q

Which will be further from the sea - mature dunes or embryo dunes

A

Mature dunes are the furthest away from the sea

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15
Q

What dune will have the most vegitation

A

Mature dunes include the most vegitation

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16
Q

What are some conditions required in order for a dune to take place

A

Wind is required to move the sediment
Sediment and Sand are required for the dune to build upon

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17
Q

What happens to dunes over time

A

more sediment and sand are being deposited by wind, amount of vegitation and hight of hills increase as newer dunes are formed closer to the sea

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18
Q

In order for plants/vegitation to be able to grow in a dune what must be special about their characteristics

A

The plants must be able to take in salty water or survive without water for long periods of time ( if the climate is dry )

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19
Q

What are some activities that may threaten sand dunes

A

Strong winds, destructive waves, vehicles, dislodging of materials

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20
Q

What are coral reefs

A

A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals.

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21
Q

Where can the great barrier reef be located

A

The great barrier reef can be located in south-east Asia on the boarders of australia

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22
Q

What is in common about the locations of many coral reefs

A

Many coral reefs are found in between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn ( close to equator ) which are areas of warm water

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23
Q

Describe and explain some conditions for a coral reefs growth

A

Can only grow in sea temperatures in between 18 and 27 degrees celcius

Can only grow in areas where they can access the suns rays ( shallow water )

Can only grow in clean water (no pollution )

Can only grow with favourable salinity

Can only grow with favourable PH (otherwise ocean acidification)

Cannot grow in areas that are constantly stomped on by humans

Cannot grow in rivers as sediment if brought into the reefs through deposition

24
Q

What is a mangrove

A

Mangroves are salt tolerant forests of trees and shrubs

25
Q

Where do mangroves grow

A

Mangroves grow in the tidal estuaries and coastal zones of tropical areas

26
Q

Why are mangroves important

A

Mangroves protect coastlines by absorbing the force of hurricanes and storms, they also act as natural filters which absorb nutrients

27
Q

What is happening to damage and destroy mangroves

A

The mangrove areas are being rapidly removed by rice paddies and shrimp farms. They are also removed along the coastline to allow a better cosmetic apperance on the beach for tourism

28
Q

How are mangroves and coral reefs linked

A

Mangroves stop sedimintation infiltrating the coral reefs and coral reefs provide shelter for the mangroves and their inhabitants

29
Q

What is an opportunity

A

An opportunity is a chance to do something (usually good)

30
Q

What is a hazard

A

A hazard is a possible danger

31
Q

Identify some activities that can be done at the coast

A

Scuba diving
Fishing
Surfing

Tourism - building hotels

32
Q

What is meant by marine erosion

A

Marine erosion is when something ( usually rocks ) are eroded/worn away by the seas current (usually by hydraulic action from the waves)

33
Q

What are the five stages of a fault to a stump

A

Fault -> Cave -> Arch -> stack -> stump

34
Q

How are hurricanes formed

A

Hurricanes are formed when the moist air above the water in the ocean rises due to evaporation, the air will cool down once risen and the process will repeat until a tropical storm is created. once the winds have reached 74mph it is a catagory 1 hurricane, the catagories and danger will increase as the speed of the winds does

35
Q

When do hurricanes commonly begin to form

A

hurricanes typicaly form in Hurricane season which lasts frp, June 1st to November 30th

36
Q

True or false will hurricane winds always travel counter-clockwise in the northern hemi-sphere

A

False, hurricane winds always travel clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the southern

37
Q

What is the center of a hurricane called

A

the center of a hurricane is called they eye

38
Q

Where is the least powerful and the most powerful winds of a hurricane located

A

the least powerful winds of a hurricane are located closer to the eye while the more powerful winds are on the outerrim of the hurricane

39
Q

What is a storm surge (hurricanes)

A

A storm surge in when strong wind levels pushes water from the ocean above sea level and onto land which can cause major flooding

40
Q

What is coastal managment

A

coastal managment is defence against coastal erosion and flooding, usually done by soft or hard engineering

41
Q

what is hard engineering

A

Hard engineering is the construction of artifical structers

42
Q

What is soft engineering

A

soft engineering is when you use the natural enviroment to help reduce coastal erosion and flooding

43
Q

Give 3 examples of hard engineering

A

Sea walls
Revetments
Groynes
Gabions

44
Q

Give 3 examples of soft engineering

A

Beach nourishment
Flood warning
Marshland creation
Fall back

45
Q

What are sea walls

A

Giant walls that span the coastline and try to reduce erosion

46
Q

What are revetments

A

Small stone or wooden ramp like structures built on the shorelines along the base of cliffs and absorb the energy of waves to reduce coastal erosion

47
Q

What are groynes

A

Fence like structures that extend out to sea in an attempt to catch sand and build up a larger section of the beach

48
Q

What are Gabions

A

Bundles or rock in metal mesh, placed on base of cliff to reduce impact of waves and stop the cliff being undercut

49
Q

What is flood warning

A

warning issued when when possible flooding/tsunami is happing in order to help people get to saftey - maybe a siren nearby

50
Q

What is marshland creation

A

creating a marshland in order to break up waves

51
Q

What is fall back

A

when people in a population will move further away from the coast, to prevent flooding and coastal erosion from affecting them

52
Q

What/Where is happisburg and it’s situation

A

Happisburg is a village located in eastern england along the coast. It is rapidly eroding with an erosion rate of 3 meters of land per year.

53
Q

Why has happisburg got such a fast rate of erosion

A
  • Very weak rocks, lead to weak resistance against erosion such as hydraulic action
  • Powerfull waves which increases the force of hydraulic action, due to the long fetch over the atlantic ocean
54
Q

What is being done to controll erosion in happisburg

A

The coastall management in Happisburg is using a strategy called “hold the line” this means using a mix of soft and hard engineering.

New policies invented in order to protect people ( soft engineering )

2007, local council funded money that was put towards ripraps

2015 - 9000 tones of rock armor were re aligned - payed for by council and people

Rock armor/ripraps have only slowed down the rapid erosion and have not put it to a stop

Wooden revetments were placed approximately 30 years ago and they appear almost fully underwater

Unlikely for more coastal management due to residents seeing this as a lost cause

55
Q

What is a spit

A

A spit is an extended stretch of beach material that projects out to sea and is joined to the mainland at one end. it is the result of longshore drift

56
Q

What are wave cut platforms

A

A wave cut platform is a flat bedrock area often found at the base of a sea cliff. this is due to the notch has eroded so nothing is holiding the cliff above forcing it to collapse ( a process called retreat ).

57
Q

When did hurricane harvery start and how long did it last

A

Hurricane harvey started in 2017 in august 17th it finished september second

Geography (12 decks)

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