Population Flashcards

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1
Q
  • What is a CENSUS and what are the ways in which data is collected from it?
A
  • What is a CENSUS?:
    1. A survey that collects data every 10 years.
  1. Each household is asked to complete a detailed questionarre about the number of people living there.
  2. People also answer questions on social, economic and cultural backgrounds
    ➞ (e.g. Do you own or rent your property? How many vehicles does the household own?)
  3. It is a legal requirement to complete, with possible £1000 fines for failing to do so.
  • Why is it done?:
    1. Government can see what changes need to be done
    ➞ (e.g. more schools)
  • Any problems?:
    1. Expensive
    ➞ (e.g. 2011 census for England and Wales cost £482 million)
  1. Data could be wrong
    ➞ as some people fail to complete it/errors could occur.
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2
Q
  • What are other methods for collecting population data?
A
  1. CIVIL REGISTRATIONS
    ➞ gives the number of births and deaths, which provides an up to date count between censuses.
  2. SCOTTISH HOUSEHOLD SURVEY is a continuous survey
    providing current population data.
    ↳ It is based on a random sample of the population and is cheaper than a full census.
  3. NHS RECORDS
    ➞ can also provide health data.
  4. SCHOOL RECORDS
    ➞ can also provide academic information on children.
  5. VISA APPLICATIONS
    ➞ gather information on applications.
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3
Q
  • What are CENSUS ISSUES which occur within developing countries?
A
  1. Countries have many offical langauges 💬
    ➞ so have to translate their census forms and emply ‘enumerators’ who can speak multiple languages,
    ↳ (e.g. India has 22 official langauges and hundreds of unofficial languages)
  2. Low literacy levels 📖
    ➞ mean people are unable to complete the forms and unintentional mistakes can be made, creating inaccuracies,
    ↳ (e.g. Afghanistan = 37.3%)
  3. Difficult terrain and poor infrastructure 🏔️
    ➞ makes it difficult for enumarators to distribute the census forms
    ↳ (e.g. Indonesia has over a 1000 islands)
  4. Conflict 🪖
    ➞ can make it too dangerous for enumarators to enter and data can quickly become out-of-date due to high death toll
    ↳ (e.g. Syrian Civil War)
  5. Censuses are expensive 💸
    ➞ in developing countries, there may be higher priorities for spending, such as healthcare and education.
  6. Many live in shanty towns within developing countries 🏚️
    ➞ so have no offical address to send form to
    ↳ (e.g. Rocninha in Rio)
  7. Nomadic people 🐫
    ➞ may be missed or counted twice as they cross international borders
    ↳ (e.g. Bedouin of the Sahara Desert)
  8. Illegal immigrants 🚫
    ➞ wish to avoid deportation, so will not be willing to complete a form.
    ↳ (e.g. illegal Ethiopian immigrants in Saudi Arabia)
  9. Ethnic tensions and internal political rivalries 💥
    ➞ may lead to innaccuracies
    ↳ (e.g. Northern Nigeria have inflated thier population figures to secure increased political representation)
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4
Q
  • Why are DEATH RATES lower in developed countries? ☠️📉
A
  1. Advances in medicine 💊
    ➞ allow people to live longer
    ↳ (e.g. statins)
  2. Lower infant mortality rate 🍼
    ➞ due to better health care
    ↳ (e.g. vaccinations)
  3. People are educated 📚
    ➞ about health risks/benefits
    ↳ (e.g.* fit for life*)
  4. Access to good diet 🥗
    ➞ so have access to better nutrition.
  5. High standard of living
    ➞ (e.g. good sanitation and clean water)
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5
Q
  • Why are BIRTH RATES lower in developed countries? 🍼📉
A
  1. Expensive to raise children 💵
    ➞ so people have less
    ↳ (e.g. £229,251).
  2. Marrying later 💍
    ➞ as women are staying in education/having careers.
  3. Low infant mortality rate 🍼
    ➞ so no need to have many children to ensure some survive.
  4. Access to family planning 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦
    ➞ so children are planned.
  5. Children don’t contribute economically 📊
    ➞ (e.g. source of income/provide labour on farms)
  6. Private/state pensions 🏡
    ➞ so children are not needed to care for parents in old age.
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6
Q
  • What are the reasons for an AGEING POPULATION in developed countries? 🧓🏽
A
  1. Low death rates ☠️📉
    ➞ due to improved medicine
    ↳ (e.g. beta blockers)
  2. Low current birth rates 🍼📉
    ➞ (e.g. contraception, raising the average age of marriage)
  3. Past high birth rates 📖🍼
    ➞ causing more people to be in older age groups
    ↳ (e.g. 1950’s baby boom)
  4. High life expectancy 💖
    ➞ due to better living conditions
    ↳ (e.g. better diets)
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7
Q
  • What are the impacts of MORE OLD DEPENDENTS in developed countries? 🧓🏽📈 (CONSEQUENCES)
A
  1. Increased pensions 🍯💵
    ➞ means higher costs for the government,
    ↳ and to meet these costs, the government will need to raise taxes and increase retirement age.
  2. Increased strain on healthcare 🏥🪢
    ➞ as the elderly use these services more
    ↳ (e.g. hip replacement)
  3. More services for the elderly 🏙️
    ➞ such as care homes are needed.
  4. Population will be encouraged to invest in private healthcare and pensions 🏥🍯💵
    ➞ to reduce pressure on government.
  5. Increased strain on family members 👨🏽‍👩🏽‍👧🏽‍👦🏽
    ➞ to help care for elderly relatives.
  6. Elderly can look after grand kids 👴🏽👶🏽
    reducing childcare costs.
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8
Q
  • What are the impacts of LOW BIRTH RATE in developed countries? 🍼📉 (CONSEQUENCES)
A
  1. Less children 👶🏽📉
    ➞ means a lack of future workers.
  2. Migration will need to be encouraged ✈️
    ➞ to bring in more workers and may lead to racial/cultural tensions.
  3. Lack of workers will help reduce unemployment 👷📉
    ➞ as less competition for jobs.
  4. Decline in demand for childrens services 🎒📉
    ➞ (e.g. schools)
    ↳ Teachers may lose jobs and pram makers may lose profits.
  5. Lack of people 🧑
    ➞ to join the armed forces.
  6. Government may have to introduce incentives 💵
    ➞ to raise birth rate
    ↳ (e.g. longer maternity leave).
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9
Q
  • Why are DEATH RATES higher in developing countries? ☠️📈
A
  1. High infant mortality rates 👶🏽☠️
    ➞ due to lack of vaccinations.
  2. Lack of clean water and sanitation ❌💦
    ➞ spreads disease
    ↳ (e.g. cholera)
  3. Malnutrition 😖
    ➞ causes higher susceptibility to disease.
  4. Poverty ❌💵
    ➞ means less access to healthcare
    ↳ (often have to pay)
  5. Less access to healthcare ❌🏥
    ➞ as many live in rural areas far from urban hospitals.
  6. Presence of killer diseases 🦟
    ➞ (e.g. malaria)
  7. High rates of HIV/AIDS infections 🩸
    ➞ due to lack of contraception and polygamy.
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10
Q
  • Why are BIRTH RATES higher in developing countries? 🍼📈
A
  1. No pensions ❌🍯💵
    ➞ so children provide for elderly parents.
  2. High infant mortality rate 👶🏽☠️
    ➞ so many children to ensure some survive.
  3. Polygamy 👨🏽👩🏽👩🏽
    more than one wife creates larger families.
  4. More children creates higher status 👶🏽✨
    encouraging births.
  5. Farm labour 👨🏽‍🌾
    ➞ due to a lack of mechanisation.
  6. Sex preference ♂️
    ➞ (e.g. boys for farm labour)
  7. Lack of schooling ❌🏫
    ➞ so start families younger.
  8. Greater religious influence ✝️
    ➞ so less use of contraception.
  9. Less sex education/contraception 📚
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11
Q
  • What are the impacts of an INCREASED POPULATION in developing countries? 👨🏽‍👩🏽‍👧🏽‍👦🏽 📈 (CONSEQUENCES)
A
  1. Increased population puts additional pressure on country 💥
    ➞ (e.g. more demand on services and resources, like education)
  2. Lack of housing ❌🏘️
    ➞ as housing is already overcrowded and can lead to the development of shanty towns.
  3. Increased demand for food 🌾📈
    ➞ could lead to malnutrition/famine.
  4. Land degradation may also occur 🌿
    due to over cropping to increase proudctivity.
  5. To reduce overpopulation ✈️
    ➞ governments may encourage emigration.
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12
Q
  • What are the impacts of a HIGH BIRTH RATE in developing countries? 🍼📈 (CONSEQUENCES)
A
  1. More births means increased pressure on healthcare 📈🏥
    ➞ as more services like vaccinations and midwifes will be needed.
  2. More children means there is more demand for education 📈🏫
    ➞ so that more schools will have to be built and more teachers trained.
  3. However, government may be unable to afford this ❌💵
    impacting future development.
  4. Government may introduce incentives, such as free sterilisation ✂️
    ➞ to reduce birth rate.
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13
Q
  • What are the impacts of a HIGH ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION in developing countries? 🛠️ (CONSEQUENCES)
A
  1. Increased economically active 🛠️📈
    ➞ means more workers, attracting foreign business and investment.
    ↳ There is also more people for the military.
  2. However, unemployment/under-employment rates may increase 📋
    ➞ as there are more workers than jobs.
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14
Q
  • What are the impacts of MORE ELDERLY in developing countries? 👴🏽(CONSEQUENCES)
A
  1. Elderly healthcare services will require more investment 🏥💵
    ➞ as more people will be using them.
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