Population Flashcards
1
Q
- What is a CENSUS and what are the ways in which data is collected from it?
A
-
What is a CENSUS?:
1. A survey that collects data every 10 years.
- Each household is asked to complete a detailed questionarre about the number of people living there.
- People also answer questions on social, economic and cultural backgrounds
➞ (e.g. Do you own or rent your property? How many vehicles does the household own?) - It is a legal requirement to complete, with possible £1000 fines for failing to do so.
-
Why is it done?:
1. Government can see what changes need to be done
➞ (e.g. more schools) -
Any problems?:
1. Expensive
➞ (e.g. 2011 census for England and Wales cost £482 million)
-
Data could be wrong
➞ as some people fail to complete it/errors could occur.
2
Q
- What are other methods for collecting population data?
A
-
CIVIL REGISTRATIONS
➞ gives the number of births and deaths, which provides an up to date count between censuses. -
SCOTTISH HOUSEHOLD SURVEY is a continuous survey
➞ providing current population data.
↳ It is based on a random sample of the population and is cheaper than a full census. -
NHS RECORDS
➞ can also provide health data. -
SCHOOL RECORDS
➞ can also provide academic information on children. -
VISA APPLICATIONS
➞ gather information on applications.
3
Q
- What are CENSUS ISSUES which occur within developing countries?
A
-
Countries have many offical langauges 💬
➞ so have to translate their census forms and emply ‘enumerators’ who can speak multiple languages,
↳ (e.g. India has 22 official langauges and hundreds of unofficial languages) -
Low literacy levels 📖
➞ mean people are unable to complete the forms and unintentional mistakes can be made, creating inaccuracies,
↳ (e.g. Afghanistan = 37.3%) -
Difficult terrain and poor infrastructure 🏔️
➞ makes it difficult for enumarators to distribute the census forms
↳ (e.g. Indonesia has over a 1000 islands) -
Conflict 🪖
➞ can make it too dangerous for enumarators to enter and data can quickly become out-of-date due to high death toll
↳ (e.g. Syrian Civil War) -
Censuses are expensive 💸
➞ in developing countries, there may be higher priorities for spending, such as healthcare and education. -
Many live in shanty towns within developing countries 🏚️
➞ so have no offical address to send form to
↳ (e.g. Rocninha in Rio) -
Nomadic people 🐫
➞ may be missed or counted twice as they cross international borders
↳ (e.g. Bedouin of the Sahara Desert) -
Illegal immigrants 🚫
➞ wish to avoid deportation, so will not be willing to complete a form.
↳ (e.g. illegal Ethiopian immigrants in Saudi Arabia) -
Ethnic tensions and internal political rivalries 💥
➞ may lead to innaccuracies
↳ (e.g. Northern Nigeria have inflated thier population figures to secure increased political representation)
4
Q
- Why are DEATH RATES lower in developed countries? ☠️📉
A
-
Advances in medicine 💊
➞ allow people to live longer
↳ (e.g. statins) -
Lower infant mortality rate 🍼
➞ due to better health care
↳ (e.g. vaccinations) -
People are educated 📚
➞ about health risks/benefits
↳ (e.g.* fit for life*) -
Access to good diet 🥗
➞ so have access to better nutrition. -
High standard of living ✅
➞ (e.g. good sanitation and clean water)
5
Q
- Why are BIRTH RATES lower in developed countries? 🍼📉
A
-
Expensive to raise children 💵
➞ so people have less
↳ (e.g. £229,251). -
Marrying later 💍
➞ as women are staying in education/having careers. -
Low infant mortality rate 🍼
➞ so no need to have many children to ensure some survive. -
Access to family planning 👨👩👧👦
➞ so children are planned. -
Children don’t contribute economically 📊
➞ (e.g. source of income/provide labour on farms) -
Private/state pensions 🏡
➞ so children are not needed to care for parents in old age.
6
Q
- What are the reasons for an AGEING POPULATION in developed countries? 🧓🏽
A
-
Low death rates ☠️📉
➞ due to improved medicine
↳ (e.g. beta blockers) -
Low current birth rates 🍼📉
➞ (e.g. contraception, raising the average age of marriage) -
Past high birth rates 📖🍼
➞ causing more people to be in older age groups
↳ (e.g. 1950’s baby boom) -
High life expectancy 💖
➞ due to better living conditions
↳ (e.g. better diets)
7
Q
- What are the impacts of MORE OLD DEPENDENTS in developed countries? 🧓🏽📈 (CONSEQUENCES)
A
-
Increased pensions 🍯💵
➞ means higher costs for the government,
↳ and to meet these costs, the government will need to raise taxes and increase retirement age. -
Increased strain on healthcare 🏥🪢
➞ as the elderly use these services more
↳ (e.g. hip replacement) -
More services for the elderly 🏙️
➞ such as care homes are needed. -
Population will be encouraged to invest in private healthcare and pensions 🏥🍯💵
➞ to reduce pressure on government. -
Increased strain on family members 👨🏽👩🏽👧🏽👦🏽
➞ to help care for elderly relatives. -
Elderly can look after grand kids 👴🏽👶🏽
➞ reducing childcare costs.
8
Q
- What are the impacts of LOW BIRTH RATE in developed countries? 🍼📉 (CONSEQUENCES)
A
-
Less children 👶🏽📉
➞ means a lack of future workers. -
Migration will need to be encouraged ✈️
➞ to bring in more workers and may lead to racial/cultural tensions. -
Lack of workers will help reduce unemployment 👷📉
➞ as less competition for jobs. -
Decline in demand for childrens services 🎒📉
➞ (e.g. schools)
↳ Teachers may lose jobs and pram makers may lose profits. -
Lack of people 🧑
➞ to join the armed forces. -
Government may have to introduce incentives 💵
➞ to raise birth rate
↳ (e.g. longer maternity leave).
9
Q
- Why are DEATH RATES higher in developing countries? ☠️📈
A
-
High infant mortality rates 👶🏽☠️
➞ due to lack of vaccinations. -
Lack of clean water and sanitation ❌💦
➞ spreads disease
↳ (e.g. cholera) -
Malnutrition 😖
➞ causes higher susceptibility to disease. -
Poverty ❌💵
➞ means less access to healthcare
↳ (often have to pay) -
Less access to healthcare ❌🏥
➞ as many live in rural areas far from urban hospitals. -
Presence of killer diseases 🦟
➞ (e.g. malaria) -
High rates of HIV/AIDS infections 🩸
➞ due to lack of contraception and polygamy.
10
Q
- Why are BIRTH RATES higher in developing countries? 🍼📈
A
-
No pensions ❌🍯💵
➞ so children provide for elderly parents. -
High infant mortality rate 👶🏽☠️
➞ so many children to ensure some survive. -
Polygamy 👨🏽👩🏽👩🏽
➞ more than one wife creates larger families. -
More children creates higher status 👶🏽✨
➞ encouraging births. -
Farm labour 👨🏽🌾
➞ due to a lack of mechanisation. -
Sex preference ♂️
➞ (e.g. boys for farm labour) -
Lack of schooling ❌🏫
➞ so start families younger. -
Greater religious influence ✝️
➞ so less use of contraception. - Less sex education/contraception 📚
11
Q
- What are the impacts of an INCREASED POPULATION in developing countries? 👨🏽👩🏽👧🏽👦🏽 📈 (CONSEQUENCES)
A
-
Increased population puts additional pressure on country 💥
➞ (e.g. more demand on services and resources, like education) -
Lack of housing ❌🏘️
➞ as housing is already overcrowded and can lead to the development of shanty towns. -
Increased demand for food 🌾📈
➞ could lead to malnutrition/famine. -
Land degradation may also occur 🌿
➞ due to over cropping to increase proudctivity. -
To reduce overpopulation ✈️
➞ governments may encourage emigration.
12
Q
- What are the impacts of a HIGH BIRTH RATE in developing countries? 🍼📈 (CONSEQUENCES)
A
-
More births means increased pressure on healthcare 📈🏥
➞ as more services like vaccinations and midwifes will be needed. -
More children means there is more demand for education 📈🏫
➞ so that more schools will have to be built and more teachers trained. - However, government may be unable to afford this ❌💵
➞ impacting future development. -
Government may introduce incentives, such as free sterilisation ✂️
➞ to reduce birth rate.
13
Q
- What are the impacts of a HIGH ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION in developing countries? 🛠️ (CONSEQUENCES)
A
-
Increased economically active 🛠️📈
➞ means more workers, attracting foreign business and investment.
↳ There is also more people for the military. - However, unemployment/under-employment rates may increase 📋
➞ as there are more workers than jobs.
14
Q
- What are the impacts of MORE ELDERLY in developing countries? 👴🏽(CONSEQUENCES)
A
-
Elderly healthcare services will require more investment 🏥💵
➞ as more people will be using them.