Development & Health Flashcards
1
Q
- What are ‘SOCIAL INDICATORS’ and can you name and describe 3 examples?
(“Indicator demonstrates”) + (“It also tells you about”)
A
- ‘Social indicators’ show how a country uses its wealth to improve the lives of its people.
- Some examples include:
-
ADULT LITERACY RATE (% over 15 years old) 📚
➞ percentage of people who are able to read or write
↳ information on government spending on schools and teachers.
➜ (e.g. UK = 99% and Ethiopia = 42%) -
NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER DOCTOR 💊
➞ how many people one doctor is responsible for.
↳ information on death rate, infant mortality rate, education, wealth of a country and government spending.
➜ (e.g. UK = 434 and Ethiopia = 4200) -
INFANT MORTALITY RATE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS ☠️
➞ number of deahs of infants under 1 year of age per 100 live births in any given year.
↳ information on healthcare within the country.
↳ (e.g. well equipped hospitals and vaccination availability ~ UK = 4/1000 and Sierra Leone = 117/1000)
(+ Life expectancy [at birth] + Death rate [per 1000 people] + Birth rate [per 1000 people])
2
Q
- What are ’ECONOMIC INDICATORS’ and can you name and describe 3 examples?
A
- Economic indicators measure the wealth and industrialisation of a country.
- Some examples include:
1.) GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT per CAPITA (GNP) ($):
➞ Indicator shows government spending per person per year.
➞ It also tells you about taxes, pay and exports.
↳ (e.g. UK = $18,000 and Ethiopia = $120)
2.) AVERAGE INCOME ($):
➞ Indicator can tell you about types of job and level of industry.
↳ (e.g. UK houshold income = $42,000 and Ethiopia’s household income = $10)
3.) ELECTRICTY CONSUMPTION per CAPITA (kWH):
➞ Indicator tells you about industry, quality of life and average income.
↳ (e.g. UK = 345.8 billion kWH and Ethiopia = 3.13 billion kWH)
(+ Motor vehicles [per 1000 people])
3
Q
- What are the PROBLEMS of Single Indicators?
A
-
High wealth (GNP) 💵📈
➞ does not always mean high quality of life
↳ (e.g. Oil revenue in Saudi Arabia is not spent on health) -
Low wealth (GNP) 💵📉
➞ does not always mean low quality of life
↳ (e.g. Tanzania has an adult literacy rate of 66%) -
Many indicators use averages 🧮
➞ so differences within countries are hidden
↳ (e.g. NE Brazil’s life expectancy = 43, while SE Brazil’s life expectancy 63) -
$US is used as a standard measurement 💲
➞ but its reflective value is different
↳ (e.g. will go further in India than the UK) -
If data is missing 💨
➞ it is hard to compare. -
Data collection may be unreliable ❌
➞ (e.g. censuses)
↳ therefore the figures could be inaccurate or misleading.
4
Q
- What are COMPOSITE INDICATORS and can you name and describe 2 examples?
A
- Composite indicators can be used to measure more than one factor.
- As these indicators combine social and economic indicators of development,
➞ they provide a more accurate view of a country as a whole.
-
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) ⭐
➞ uses economic and social indicators:
* [Adjusted income per capita: looks at what income can actually buy within the country]
* [Educational attainment; looks at adult literacy rate (%) and the number of years of schooling] -
PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX (PQLI)🧬
➞ gives information on quality of life using social indicators:
* [life expectancy]
* [literacy]
* [infant mortality]
5
Q
- How are composite indicators beneficial?
A
- Provides a wide representation of development 👍
- Suggests how developed a country can be
➞ more accurate about the country as a whole ⭐ - They don’t use averages as single indicators do 🧮❌
➞ which means differences in a country are not hidden
↳ so results overall are more accurate. -
Data cannot be confused with its relative value 💲
➞ (e.g. with a single indicator, $US likely to go further in Inida than the UK),
↳ whilst composite indicators can overlap, data is not lost, missing or inaccurate. -
Better at demonstrating levels of development 🏘️
➞ as single indicators do not always tell the truth,
↳ (e.g. low wealth does not always equal low quality of life, like Tanzania which has an adult literacy rate of 66%),
➜ composite indicators can also be used to measure one factor.
6
Q
- What are the development differences between developing countires in reagrds to CLIMATE (PHYSICAL)? 🌎
A
-
Lesotho (South Africa)
➞ has abundant rainfall, meaning it can regulate water and lighting through its water management projects. 🌧️🌊
↳ This has improved standards of living through heating and lighting in homes. -
Lesotho
➞ also sells water and electricity, providing an income, providing an income that can go back into infrastructure, 🏗️
↳ improving development. - However,
➞ poor climate can hinder development,
↳ as areas that are very dry make farming difficult, leading to famine. ☀️
➜ This can lead to desertification (e.g. in arid Sahel) - Areas like Chad and Mali,
➞ suffer from drought, therefore it is difficult to grow crops. 🌾❌
↳ Northern Brazil (Amazonia) suffers from an inhospitable rainforest climate where heavy rainfall causes poor quality farmland and makes it difficult to build.
7
Q
- What are the development differences between developing countries in regards to RELIEF (PHYSICAL)? 🏔️
A
-
Relief hinders development,
➞ (e.g. in communication/transport - Nepal)
↳ restricting economic development as the difficulty of transportation reduces accessibility. 🛣️ - Due to steep slopes,
➞ agriculture and construction of settlements are also made much more difficult to establish. 🌾🏡
8
Q
- What are the development differences between developing countries in regards to NATURAL RESERVES (PHYSICAL)? ⛏️
A
-
Oil rich countries (such as Saudi Arabia, Brunei and Kuwait)
➞ have benefitted from selling oil.
↳ This allows them to trade with other countries and make money 🛢️ - For example, South Africa is more developed,
➞ because of the presence of precious minerals (such as gold) 🪙
↳ This means better services like sanitation are improved. - However,
➞ because the money is controlled by such a small percentage of the population, money is not always spent on the people 💥
9
Q
- What are the development differences between developing countries in regards to NATURAL DISASTERS (PHYSICAL)? 🌪️
A
-
Natural disasters (such as earthquakes, drought and floods)
➞ can hinder development.
↳ Areas prone to drought are associated with famine (such as Sudan and Ethiopia) 🌾❌ -
Floods in Bangladesh,
➞ can destory farmland and cause famine,
↳ dramatically reducing the quality of life there. ⛈️🌊 -
Earthquakes
➞ can destory infrastructure
↳ leading to unemployment (e.g. in Haiti) 💥
10
Q
- What are the development differences between developing countries in regards to GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION (PHYSICAL)? 📍
A
- Some countries are landlocked (e.g. Mali)
➞ This means it has fewer options when importing and exporting resources, whereas countries like Brazil with many natural harbours have been able to generate money through trade with other countries 🚢 - In small countries,
➞ it is more cost effective for authorities to provide services, such as health care and fresh water supplies (e.g. Singapore) 🏥
↳ whereas in large countries (e.g. China), rural communities are under-served and residents may unable to access health care as needed, lowering development standards 📉
11
Q
- What are the development differences between developing countries in regards to POPULATION GROWTH (HUMAN)? 📈
A
-
Fertility rates in developing countries tend to be much higher
➞ so this can mean having to feed much larger families (e.g. India) 👨🏾👩🏾👧🏾👦🏾
↳ In countries with few resources and harsh landscapes, some families may go without food, leading to ill health and low life expectancy 🪦
12
Q
- What are the development differences between developing countries in regards to HIGH LEVELS OF DISEASE (HUMAN)? 🦟
A
- The prevelance of HIV/AIDS in countries (i.e. Sub-Saharan Africa)
➞ limits development 🤮
↳ as money is diverted in large amounts to treat the illness. 💸 -
Disease can lower economic productivity as more workers are off ill 🤢
➞ This means less tax is raised, resulting in a lower GDP. 📉
↳ This also could mean children miss school through illness and lowers level of educational attainment. 🎒
13
Q
- What are the development differences between developing countries in regards to the LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND INDUSTRIALISATION (HUMAN)? 🏗️
A
- Some nations (e.g. Mali) have resources (like gold) 🪙
➞ but no means to access and exploit them for development, so remains less developed. -
Industrialisation of Pacific Rim countries (i.e. South Korea, Taiwan and China) 🏗️
➞ has allowed for the growth of a wide industrial base in steel and electrical goods through skills and a cheap workforce 👨🏭 -
Money earned from industry and exports 💵
➞ can be spent on education and healthcare,
↳ improving literacy rates, infant mortality and life expectancy 💖
14
Q
- What are the development differences between developing countries in regards to TRADE AND TRADE BARRIERS (HUMAN)? 🚢
A
- Some landlocked countries have restricted trade with other countries
➞ meaning less money is available to improve quality of life. 📉
↳ Income from imports and exports is less, meaning there is less money to put into services, like healthcare and education. 🏥🏫
15
Q
- What are the development differences between developing countries in regards to WAR AND CONFLICT (HUMAN)? 🪖
A
-
Internal problems can slow down development.
➞ Political instability and civil wars in Sudan have meant much of their spending is focused on military budgets and arms 🔫💵
↳ instead of education and healthcare 🏫🏥 - It has also created large groups of refugees who became dependent on aid (e.g. Rwanda and Zimbabwe).
➞ Foreign countries will not invest in these areas, so the country fails to develop which leads to low GDP. 📉
