Migration Flashcards

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1
Q
  • What are the PULL factors involved in VOLUNTARY migration (USA)?
A
  • Family/friends are already living in the USA πŸ‘¨β€πŸ‘©β€πŸ‘§
    ➞ provide support
  • Due to established Mexican communities, there is a common culture in some states
    ➞ creating less language barriers/racial tensions. πŸ’₯
  • The USA has higher investment in healthcare, πŸ’°πŸ₯
    ➞ providing better access to care
    ↳ (e.g. 2.6 people per doctor per 1000 vs 4.8 in Mexico)
  • The USA has a better quality education system ⭐🏫
    ➞ (e.g. an average of 8.6 years of school in Mexico vs 13.4 in USA)
    ↳ allowing people to gain better jobs.
  • Migrants are attracted to β€œbright lights” and the American Dream. πŸ’²
  • There are plenty of available jobs in parts of the US economy,
    ➞ such as agriculture. πŸ‘©β€πŸŒΎ
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2
Q
  • What are the PUSH factors involved in VOLUNTARY migration (Mexico)?
A
  • Mexico has lower pay πŸ’΅πŸ“‰
    ➞ creating a low standard of living and creating poor housing conditions
    ↳ (e.g. poverty - In Mexico, 46.2% live below the poverty line vs 15.1% in the USA)
  • Increased farm mechanisation in Mexico 🚜
    ➞ has raised rural unemployment.
  • Mexico has a high crime rate 🚨πŸ”ͺ
    ➞ making people feel unsafe
    ↳ (e.g. 218.49 murders per million vs 42.01 in the USA)
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3
Q
  • What are the IMPACTS of VOLUNTARY migration on the RECIEVING country (USA)?
A

🟒 POSITIVE Impacts:

  • Migrants work for low wages πŸ’΅πŸ“‰
    ➞ so businesses save money.
  • Government recieves tax from migrants πŸ› πŸ’°
    ➞ which can be invested in services.
  • Migrants fill labour gaps
    ➞ as they have sought after skills πŸ”¨
    ↳ (e.g. agricultural workers)
    ➜ They also take jobs US citizens do not want due to low wages and unsociable hours.
  • Migrants buy goods and services πŸ›’πŸͺ
    ➞ adding to the economy.
  • Migrants create a multicultural society 🌎
    ➞ (e.g. Mexican restaurants, language and music)
  • Migrants have larger families πŸ‘¨β€πŸ‘©β€πŸ‘§
    ➞ increasing birth rates and the USA’s ageing population.

πŸ”΄ NEGATIVE Impacts:

  • Language barriers and cultural differences can lead to racial tensions πŸ’₯
    ➞ Migrants also tend not to integrate which can add to the tension.
  • Migrants send earnings back to family in Mexico πŸ’Έ
    ➞ removing money from the US economy.
  • There are also strains placed on education services 🏫πŸ’₯
    ➞ due to number of children for who English is not their first language.
  • There are also strains placed on US healthcare πŸͺπŸ’₯
    ➞ as TB infections are brought over the border.
  • Increased pressure on housing πŸ‘πŸ“ˆ
    ➞ can lead to overcrowding in certain areas.
  • Increased crime due to drugs/people trafficking 🚨
    ➞ increasing costs to US law enforcement.
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4
Q
  • What are the IMPACTS of VOLUNTARY migration on the DONOR country (Mexico)?
A

🟒 POSITIVE Impacts:

  • Migrants send money back to their families πŸ’΅πŸ“©
    ➞ (e.g. $6 billion a year).
    ↳ This improves their standard of living and generates more spending in Mexican economy (multiplier effect).
  • Fewer people means less pressure on healthcare and school system πŸ«πŸ“‰
  • Less workers means the unemployment rate is reduced πŸ‘·β€β™€οΈπŸ“‰
  • Migrant workers return from the USA with new skills πŸ”¨
    ➞ which they can then use in Mexico.
    ↳ This increases investment in Mexico by foreign businesses, helping to increase developement.
  • Mainly male migrants leave πŸ‘¨πŸ½
    which helps lower the birth rate.

πŸ”΄ NEGATIVE Impacts:

  • The young leave creating an ageing population πŸ§“πŸ½
    ➞ This means more healthcare spending is needed.
    ↳ (e.g. hip replacements)
  • Less people leads to depopulation πŸ‘¨β€πŸ‘©β€πŸ‘¦ πŸ“‰
    ➞ therefore less government spending in affected areas
    ↳ (e.g. Santa Ines lost 2/3 of its inhabitants)
  • Less workers means less tax is paid to the government πŸ’°πŸ“‰
    ➞ limiting future development.
  • Money sent from the USA by relatives πŸ’΅πŸ“©
    ➞ makes families rely on this money.
  • Many men emigrate πŸ‘¨πŸ½
    ➞ splitting up families and creating a gender imbalance
    ↳ so women have trouble finding marriage partners - reducing birth rate and so less future workers.
  • Loss of many educated people (BRAIN DRAIN) 🧠
    ➞ causing a skills shortage.
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5
Q
  • What are the PULL factors involved in FORCED migration (Jordan)?
A
  • Established refugee camps β›Ί
    ➞ so aid is available.
  • Better educaton ⭐🏫
    ➞ as there is lack of disrupton to learning.
  • Family members have already migrated πŸ‘ͺ
    ➞ so support is available for new arrivals.
  • Muslim country πŸ•Œ
    ➞ so there is a common culture and commons.
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6
Q
  • What are the PUSH factors involved in FORCED migration (Syria)?
A
  • Active conflict πŸ’£
    ➞ making the area dangerous
    ↳ (e.g. 610,000 killed)
  • Population intimidated πŸ’₯
    ➞ through killing, torture, imprisonment and rape.
  • Lack of working infrastructure ❌🚧
    ➞ (e.g. 60% of people facing food insecurity, 70% of the healthcare workers have left the country)
  • Persecution of minority groups β›ͺ
    ➞ such as Christians.
  • High levels of homelessness 🏚
    ➞ due to bombing πŸ’£
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7
Q
  • What are the IMPACTS of FORCED migration on the RECIEIVING country (Jordan)?
A
  1. Refugee camps are overfilled and unsafe in some cases ⚠
    ➞ so many refugees have fled into urban areas instead
    ↳ placing pressures on urban resources πŸŒ†
  2. Syrians fleeing into urban Jordan mean they cannot access UN aid πŸ’²
    ➞ forcing Jordan to foot the bill instead.
    ↳ As a result, food and rent prices increased due to high demand πŸŽπŸ“ˆ
  3. Jordanian citizens are priced out of renting πŸ’Έ
    ➞ as Syrians band together to pay higher rents which causes overcrowding.
  4. Wages have decreased as employers hire Syrians for less πŸ’΅πŸ“‰
    ➞ causing tensions to form in native Jodanian communities πŸ’₯
  5. Over 25% of Jordan’s budget is spent on the Syrian refugee crisis πŸ’°
    ➞ leading to other areas (e.g. healthcare and education) to lose out.
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8
Q
  • What are the IMPACTS of FORCED migration on the DONOR country (Syria)?
A
  1. Conflict continues - causing less development πŸ’£πŸ“‰
    ➞ due to population (less workers/industry)
  2. Farmland and animlas abandoned/destroyed 🚜πŸ’₯
    ➞ so reduced agricultural productivity πŸšœπŸ“‰
    ➞ creating food shortages πŸŒΎπŸ’¨
    ➞ leading to malnutrition and death πŸ’€
  3. Increased tensions between neighbouring countries 🌍πŸ’₯
    ➞ due to coflict crossing borders.
  4. Lack of healthcare ❌πŸ₯
    ➞ as 70% of healthcare workers have left the country.
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