Migration Flashcards
1
Q
- What are the PULL factors involved in VOLUNTARY migration (USA)?
A
-
Family/friends are already living in the USA π¨βπ©βπ§
β provide support - Due to established Mexican communities, there is a common culture in some states
β creating less language barriers/racial tensions. π₯ - The USA has higher investment in healthcare, π°π₯
β providing better access to care
β³ (e.g. 2.6 people per doctor per 1000 vs 4.8 in Mexico) - The USA has a better quality education system βπ«
β (e.g. an average of 8.6 years of school in Mexico vs 13.4 in USA)
β³ allowing people to gain better jobs. - Migrants are attracted to βbright lightsβ and the American Dream. π²
- There are plenty of available jobs in parts of the US economy,
β such as agriculture. π©βπΎ
2
Q
- What are the PUSH factors involved in VOLUNTARY migration (Mexico)?
A
- Mexico has lower pay π΅π
β creating a low standard of living and creating poor housing conditions
β³ (e.g. poverty - In Mexico, 46.2% live below the poverty line vs 15.1% in the USA) -
Increased farm mechanisation in Mexico π
β has raised rural unemployment. - Mexico has a high crime rate π¨πͺ
β making people feel unsafe
β³ (e.g. 218.49 murders per million vs 42.01 in the USA)
3
Q
- What are the IMPACTS of VOLUNTARY migration on the RECIEVING country (USA)?
A
π’ POSITIVE Impacts:
- Migrants work for low wages π΅π
β so businesses save money. -
Government recieves tax from migrants π π°
β which can be invested in services. -
Migrants fill labour gaps
β as they have sought after skills π¨
β³ (e.g. agricultural workers)
β They also take jobs US citizens do not want due to low wages and unsociable hours. -
Migrants buy goods and services ππͺ
β adding to the economy. -
Migrants create a multicultural society π
β (e.g. Mexican restaurants, language and music) -
Migrants have larger families π¨βπ©βπ§
β increasing birth rates and the USAβs ageing population.
π΄ NEGATIVE Impacts:
-
Language barriers and cultural differences can lead to racial tensions π₯
β Migrants also tend not to integrate which can add to the tension. -
Migrants send earnings back to family in Mexico πΈ
β removing money from the US economy. - There are also strains placed on education services π«π₯
β due to number of children for who English is not their first language. - There are also strains placed on US healthcare πͺπ₯
β as TB infections are brought over the border. -
Increased pressure on housing π‘π
β can lead to overcrowding in certain areas. -
Increased crime due to drugs/people trafficking π¨
β increasing costs to US law enforcement.
4
Q
- What are the IMPACTS of VOLUNTARY migration on the DONOR country (Mexico)?
A
π’ POSITIVE Impacts:
-
Migrants send money back to their families π΅π©
β (e.g. $6 billion a year).
β³ This improves their standard of living and generates more spending in Mexican economy (multiplier effect). - Fewer people means less pressure on healthcare and school system π«π
- Less workers means the unemployment rate is reduced π·ββοΈπ
-
Migrant workers return from the USA with new skills π¨
β which they can then use in Mexico.
β³ This increases investment in Mexico by foreign businesses, helping to increase developement. -
Mainly male migrants leave π¨π½
which helps lower the birth rate.
π΄ NEGATIVE Impacts:
- The young leave creating an ageing population π§π½
β This means more healthcare spending is needed.
β³ (e.g. hip replacements) -
Less people leads to depopulation π¨βπ©βπ¦ π
β therefore less government spending in affected areas
β³ (e.g. Santa Ines lost 2/3 of its inhabitants) -
Less workers means less tax is paid to the government π°π
β limiting future development. -
Money sent from the USA by relatives π΅π©
β makes families rely on this money. -
Many men emigrate π¨π½
β splitting up families and creating a gender imbalance
β³ so women have trouble finding marriage partners - reducing birth rate and so less future workers. -
Loss of many educated people (BRAIN DRAIN) π§
β causing a skills shortage.
5
Q
- What are the PULL factors involved in FORCED migration (Jordan)?
A
-
Established refugee camps βΊ
β so aid is available. -
Better educaton βπ«
β as there is lack of disrupton to learning. -
Family members have already migrated πͺ
β so support is available for new arrivals. -
Muslim country π
β so there is a common culture and commons.
6
Q
- What are the PUSH factors involved in FORCED migration (Syria)?
A
-
Active conflict π£
β making the area dangerous
β³ (e.g. 610,000 killed) -
Population intimidated π₯
β through killing, torture, imprisonment and rape. -
Lack of working infrastructure βπ§
β (e.g. 60% of people facing food insecurity, 70% of the healthcare workers have left the country) -
Persecution of minority groups βͺ
β such as Christians. -
High levels of homelessness π
β due to bombing π£
7
Q
- What are the IMPACTS of FORCED migration on the RECIEIVING country (Jordan)?
A
-
Refugee camps are overfilled and unsafe in some cases β
β so many refugees have fled into urban areas instead
β³ placing pressures on urban resources π -
Syrians fleeing into urban Jordan mean they cannot access UN aid π²
β forcing Jordan to foot the bill instead.
β³ As a result, food and rent prices increased due to high demand ππ -
Jordanian citizens are priced out of renting πΈ
β as Syrians band together to pay higher rents which causes overcrowding. -
Wages have decreased as employers hire Syrians for less π΅π
β causing tensions to form in native Jodanian communities π₯ -
Over 25% of Jordanβs budget is spent on the Syrian refugee crisis π°
β leading to other areas (e.g. healthcare and education) to lose out.
8
Q
- What are the IMPACTS of FORCED migration on the DONOR country (Syria)?
A
-
Conflict continues - causing less development π£π
β due to population (less workers/industry) -
Farmland and animlas abandoned/destroyed ππ₯
β so reduced agricultural productivity ππ
β creating food shortages πΎπ¨
β leading to malnutrition and death π -
Increased tensions between neighbouring countries ππ₯
β due to coflict crossing borders. -
Lack of healthcare βπ₯
β as 70% of healthcare workers have left the country.