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Higher Geography > Glaciation (Lithosphere) > Flashcards

Glaciation (Lithosphere) Flashcards

1
Q
  • What is ‘plucking’?
A
  • PLUCKING:
    ➞ where ice freezes on to bedrock 🧊
    ↳ pulling away any loose rocks 🪨
    ➜ from the back wall/valley sides.
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2
Q
  • What is ‘abrasion’?
A
  • ABRASION
    ➞ where angular rock
    ↳ embedded in the ice 🧊
    ➜ grinds the rock below as the glacier moves 🪨
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3
Q
  • What is ‘frost shatter’?
A
  • FROST SHATTER
    ➞ where water in cracks in the rock freeze, expand and contract ❄️
    ➜ weakening the rock until fragments break off
    (this can create piles of broken rock called SCREE)
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4
Q
  • What is the formation of a ‘corrie’?
A

🟢 BEGINNING:
1.) Snow ❄️
➞ accumulates in a north-facing hollow
↳ where more snow falls than melts in summer ☀️

2.) Accumulated snow
➞ compresses into NEVE
↳ and eventually on to form glacial ice 🧊

3.) Resulting glacier
➞ moves downhill due to gravity.

🟠 MIDDLE (PROCESSESS):
4.) Rotational sliding 🔃
➞ over deepens the hollow

5.) Bergshrund crevasse
➞ opens up at the back of the hollow, allowing in melt water and rock fragments to reach the base of the glacier
↳ increasing erosive power ⚡

6.) Erosion occurs through:
1. Plucking
➞ (where glacial ice freezes onto bedrock,
↳ pulling away any loose rocks away from the backwall 🪨)

  1. Abrasion
    ➞ (occurs when angular rocks embedded in the ice
    ↳ grinds the hollow as the glacier moves)
  2. Frost shatter
    ➞ (is where water enters cracks in the rock, freezes, expands and contracts
    ↳ weakening the rock until fragments break off)

🔵 ENDING (FINAL PROCESSES):
9.) Friction causes glacier to slow down at edge of the corrie, causing a rock lip to form 👄
➜ due to less erosion ➖⚡
(traps rain water, forming a tarn)

10.) (e.g. Brown Cove)

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5
Q
  • What is the formation of an ‘arete’?
A

🟢 BEGINNING:
1.) Snow ❄️
➞ accumulates in a north-facing hollow
↳ where more snow falls than melts in summer ☀️

2.) Accumulated snow
➞ compresses into NEVE
↳ and eventually on to form glacial ice 🧊

3.) Resulting glacier
➞ moves downhill due to gravity.

🟠 MIDDLE (PROCESSES):
4.) An arete is formed when the backwalls of 2 corries
↳ are eroded back-to-back.

5.) Rotational sliding 🔃
➞ over-deepens the hollow.

6.) Erosion occurs through:
1. Plucking
➞ (where glacial ice freezes onto bedrock,
↳ pulling away any loose rocks away from the backwall 🪨)

  1. Abrasion
    ➞ (occurs when angular rocks embedded in the ice
    ↳ grinds the hollow as the glacier moves)
  2. Frost shatter
    ➞ (is where water enters cracks in the rock, freezes, expands and contracts
    ↳ weakening the rock until fragments break off)

🔵 ENDING (FINAL PROCESSES):
7.) The arete can become more pronounced due to continued frost-shattering ❄️
↳ which can also lead to the formation of scree slopes.

8.) (e.g. Striding Edge)

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6
Q
  • What is the formation of a ‘pyramidal peak’?
A

🟢 BEGINNING:
1.) Snow ❄️
➞ accumulates in a north-facing hollow
↳ where more snow falls than melts in summer ☀️

2.) Accumulated snow
➞ compresses into NEVE
↳ and eventually on to form glacial ice 🧊

3.) Resulting glacier
➞ moves downhill due to gravity.

🟠 MIDDLE (PROCESSES):
4.) A pyramidal peak is formed when the back walls of 3 corries
➜ eroded back-to-back

5.) Rotational sliding 🔃
➞ over deepens the hollow.

6.) Erosion occurs through:
1. Plucking
➞ (where glacial ice freezes onto bedrock,
↳ pulling away any loose rocks away from the backwall 🪨)

  1. Abrasion
    ➞ (occurs when angular rocks embedded in the ice
    ↳ grinds the hollow as the glacier moves)
  2. Frost shatter
    ➞ (is where water enters cracks in the rock, freezes, expands and contracts
    ↳ weakening the rock until fragments break off)

🔵 ENDING (FINAL PROCESSES):
7.) Pyramidal peak can become more pronounced due to continued frost shattering ❄️
➜ which can also lead to the formation of scree slopes.

8.) (e.g. Hellvelyn)

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7
Q
  • What is the formation of a ‘u-shaped valley’?
A

🟢 BEGINNING:
1.) Snow ❄️
➞ accumulates in a north-facing hollow
↳ where more snow falls than melts in summer ☀️

2.) Accumulated snow
➞ compresses into NEVE
↳ and eventually on to form glacial ice 🧊

3.) Gravity
➞ causes the glaciers to flow down-hill ↘️
↳ following the existing v-shaped valley 🏞️

🟠 MIDDLE (PROCESSES):
4.) Erosion occurs through:
1. Plucking
➞ (where glacial ice freezes onto bedrock,
↳ pulling away any loose rocks away from the backwall 🪨)

  1. Abrasion
    ➞ (occurs when angular rocks embedded in the ice
    ↳ grinds the hollow as the glacier moves)
  2. Frost shatter
    ➞ (is where water enters cracks in the rock, freezes, expands and contracts
    ↳ weakening the rock until fragments break off)

🔵 ENDING (FINAL PROCESSES):
5.) * Former interlocking spurs are cut off by the glacier as it flows down hill
↳ to form TRUNCATED SPURS & STEEP VALLEY SIDES

6.) The width & shape of the resulting glacial valley will depend on:

  • nature of rock type 🧊
  • the intensity & weight of the glacier ⚖️
  • and its erosion ⚡

7.) A misfit stream
➞ can be found where the original river no longer fits the valley floor 🌊

8) (e.g. Grisdale Valley)

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8
Q
  • What is the formation of a ‘hanging valley’?
A

🟢 BEGINNING:
1.) Snow ❄️
➞ accumulates in a north-facing hollow
↳ where more snow falls than melts in summer ☀️

2.) Accumulated snow
➞ compresses into NEVE
↳ and eventually on to form glacial ice 🧊

3.) Gravity
➞ causes the glaciers to flow down-hill ↘️
↳ following the existing v-shaped valley 🏞️

🟠 MIDDLE (PROCESSES):
4.) Erosion occurs through:
1. Plucking
➞ (where glacial ice freezes onto bedrock,
↳ pulling away any loose rocks away from the backwall 🪨)

  1. Abrasion
    ➞ (occurs when angular rocks embedded in the ice
    ↳ grinds the hollow as the glacier moves)
  2. Frost shatter
    ➞ (is where water enters cracks in the rock, freezes, expands and contracts
    ↳ weakening the rock until fragments break off)

🔵 ENDING (FINAL PROCESSES):
5.) Former interlocking spurs are cut off by the glacier
↳ as it flows down hill to form
➜ TRUNCATED SPURS & STEEP VALLEY SIDES

6.) A ‘hanging valley’ is formed when a smaller tributary glacier erodes a valley
↳ but is left above the main valley
(has less erosive power ➖⚡)

7.) (e.g. Base Brown)

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9
Q
  • What is the formation of a ‘ribbon lake’?
A

🟢 BEGINNING:
1.) Snow ❄️
➞ accumulates in a north-facing hollow
↳ where more snow falls than melts in summer ☀️

2.) Accumulated snow
➞ compresses into NEVE
↳ and eventually on to form glacial ice 🧊

3.) Gravity
➞ causes the glaciers to flow down-hill ↘️
↳ following the existing v-shaped valley 🏞️

🟠 MIDDLE (PROCESSES):
4.) Erosion occurs through:
1. Plucking
➞ (where glacial ice freezes onto bedrock,
↳ pulling away any loose rocks away from the backwall 🪨)

  1. Abrasion
    ➞ (occurs when angular rocks embedded in the ice
    ↳ grinds the hollow as the glacier moves)
  2. Frost shatter
    ➞ (is where water enters cracks in the rock, freezes, expands and contracts
    ↳ weakening the rock until fragments break off)

🔵 ENDING (FINAL PROCESSES):
5.) Ribbon lakes can be formed if a terminal moraine creates a dam.

6.) Ribbon lakes are formed if softer bedrock is eroded more deeply than the surrounding area ⚡

7.) (e.g. Lake Windermere)

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10
Q
  • What is the formation of a ‘terminal moraine’?
A
  1. Terminal moraine is a ridge across a valley made up of glacial deposits
    ➞ which is unsorted.
  2. As the glacier moves downhill
    ➞ it acts like a bulldozer 🏗️
    ↳ pushing sediment at the front of its SNOUT 🐽
  3. On reaching lower altitudes, the temperature rises and the glacier melts
    ➞ and as a result, loses powers and deposits materials
  4. Terminal moraine marks the furthest point the glacier reaches once the ice has retreated
    ➞ and can form a moraine dammed lake 🏞️
    (creating a ribbon lake as water is unable to drain)
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11
Q
  • What is the formation of a ‘drumlin’?
A
  1. Drumlins are elongated hills of unsorted materials
    ↳ deposited by the glacier
  2. Glacier becomes overloaded with sediment and deposits it
    ↳ with the material then being streamlined (re-eroded) as the glacier moves over it.
  3. Further, there can be an obstacle on the ground which may act as a trigger and material is deposited around it.
  4. STOSS side is steeper
    ↳ as it is eroded by:
    * Plucking
    ➜ (where ice freezes onto bedrock, pulling loose rocks away)
  5. LEE side is gentler
    ↳ as it is eroded by:
    * Abrasion
    ➜ (where rock embedded in the glacier grinds the rock below)
  6. Usually, it is found in groups called SWARMS 🐝
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12
Q
  • What is the formation of an ‘esker’?
A
  1. The stones found in eskers are more rounded then other glacial deposits
    ➞ as the action of flowing water rounded the edges by erosion 🪨
  2. The deposits are SORTED by size,
    ➞ as the flowing water deposited the heaviest material first as it lost energy 🌊
  3. On reaching lower altitudes/or when temperature rise,
    ➞ the glacier begins to melt and sub-glacial streams deposited material in the tunnels under the glacier 🌡️
  4. Eskers are meandering ridges in the valley floor formed by melt water streams under the glacier.
    ➞ They contain meltwater sands and gravel ⌛
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Higher Geography (15 decks)

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