Human Environment - Developing (Urban) Flashcards
- What are 11 problems in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas?
(B-P-H-S)
1.) BUILDINGS:
* Made from scrap materials
➞ (e.g. corrugated iron)
↳ so unsightly 🔥👀
- Built on poor quality land
➞ so prone to mud slide/flooding 🌊 - Many built without legal permission
➞ so face risk of demolition 🏗️
2.) PUBLIC FACILITIES:
* Lack of basic facilities
➞ (e.g. schools & water) 🏫💦
-
Lack of public utilities
➞ such as sewerage or power 💡
↳ leads to illegal electricity (gatos)
➜ causing fires & electrocutions 🔥⚡ -
Overcrowding & lack of official rubbish collection
➞ leads to high levels of waste 🚮
3.) HEALTH:
* High levels of disease
➞ so poor health occurs 🤢
4.) SOCIAL FACTORS:
* High unemployment 📈
-
Irregular & informal jobs
➞ so earn less than the minimum wage 💵 -
Extreme overcrowding
➞ leading to lack of privacy and high levels of waste 👀🚮 -
Cartel activity
➞ so high levels of violence/crime 🚨
- What are the MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES for favelas in Rio?
- 🟢 POINT
* Clearance of favelas for the 2016 Olympics
↳ and relocation of residents to new houses on the edge of the city.
🟠EXPLAIN:
* Land could be redeveloped for other uses 🏗️
➜ (e.g. Olympic Park)
🟣EVALUATION:
* Communities split up 🏚️
* People relocated far from place of work 👷
* Not enough new housing
↳ (homeless) 🪰
* Residents move to another location & start a new favela 🌆
🔵EXAMPLE:
➞ (e.g. Vila Autódromo)
____________________________________________________________________________
- 🟢POINT:
* Self help
↳ residents undertake improvements with government supplying basic materials 🛠️
🟠EXPLAIN:
* Cheaper for government as they only supplies basic materials 🧱
↳ locals provide the labour skills ⚒️
* Brings communities together 💛
* Gives residents sense of ownership
* Living conditions are improved ⬆️
↳ (e.g. new floor added = less over-crowding + electricity connected)
🟣EVALUATION:
* Many houses are built on un-safe land
↳ (e.g. risk of land slides) 🏔️
🔵EXAMPLE:
➞ (e.g. Favela Bairro Project)
____________________________________________________________________________
- 🟢POINT
* Site & service schemes are brick houses 🏠
➜ built by government after favela housing is cleared
🟠EXPLAIN:
* Site has basic infrastructure
↳ (e.g. pipes for water & sanitation which reduced disease 💦)
* Residents are given the right to buy after renting 💵
* Streets are widened/paved ⬅️➡️
* Allows access for emergency vehicles & rubbish collection 🚑
🟣EVALUATION:
* Low paying jobs
↳ means many can’t afford rent 💸
* Only 60/600 favelas targeted 🎯
↳ due to lack of funds
🔵EXAMPLE:
➞ (e.g. My House, My Life)
____________________________________________________________________________
- 🟢POINT:
* Pacification military police units (sent in to force out the criminal element of favelas) 🪖
🟠EXPLAIN:
* Safe for residents
↳ as crime rate is lowered 📉
🟣EVALUATION:
* Poor reputation with residents
↳ as police have been accused of corruption 🚨⛔
* Police have been accused of violent behaviour
↳ caused civilian casualties💥🤕
🔵EXAMPLE:
➞ (e.g. BOPE)
____________________________________________________________________________
- 🟢POINT:
* Right to buy land and make house legal 🏠
🟠EXPLAIN
* People are more willing to invest in improvements
↳ if their home isn’t under threat of demolition 🏗️
🟣EVALUATION:
* Not everyone can afford this 💸
____________________________________________________________________________
- 🟢POINT:
* Small loans 💳
🟠EXPLAIN
* Used to invest in home repairs/improvements 🏠
* Once first loan is paid off
↳ people are free to borrow more for next piece of work 💳➡️
🟣EVALUATION:
* Not everyone can keep up with repayments
↳ lead to debt 📈
____________________________________________________________________________
- 🟢POINT:
* Building walls around favelas 🧱
🟠EXPLAIN:
* Places a limit of further favela expansion 🏘️
* Screens unsightly homes 🔥👀
🟣EVALUATION:
* 600 homes destroyed during process
↳ resulting in homelessness 🚫🏠
🔵EXAMPLE:
➞ (e.g. Dona Marta)
- What are the TRAFFIC PROBLEMS in Rio De Janeiro?
-
Vehicles exhausts 🚗💨
➡ cause severe noise and air pollution 🌫️ -
40% increase in car ownership 🚗
➡ has caused an increase in congestion levels 💥 -
During rush hours
➡ journey times increase by 50% 📈 -
Low capacity public transport 🚌
➡ so use of private vehicles 🚗 -
Bridging points (bay crossings) 🌉
➡ create bottle necks
↳ (e.g. Rio-Niteroi Bridge) -
Coastlines and mountains surround the city 🏔️
➡ so few opportunities to “by-pass” city centres -
Route centre 🛣️
➡ where main roads meet -
Few roads and poor road planning
➡ create bottle necks 🍾
- What are the TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS for Rio De Janeiro?
1.) 🟢POINT:
* BRIDGE to connect Rio with Niteroi 🌉
➡ on the other side of the bay
🟠EXPLAIN:
* 14km long 🛣️
➡ shortening journey times and saves a 2 hour journey ⌚
* Reduces pressure on other roads into the city 🍃
* Raises money for local government (toll road) 💵
➡ that could be reinvested in education/healthcare
🟣EVALUATE:
➡ However:
* Not everyone can afford tolls 💸
* 140,000 vehicles per day 🚦
➡ higher than designed for due to increased car ownership
* Creates bottle neck at bridging point during rush hour 🍾
➡ adding to congestion
🔵EXAMPLE:
➡ (e.g. Rio-Niteroi Bridge)
____________________________________________________________________________
2.) 🟢POINT:
* CONTROLLED ACCESS HIGHWAY - a toll road 🛣️
🟠EXPLAIN:
* connects Northern Rio to airport ✈️
* reduces pressure on city centre roads 🏙️
* toll used to reduce the cost of construction 💵
↳ through reinvestment
🟣EVALUATION:
➡ However:
* 70,000 vehicles per day use the road 🚗🚗🚗
↳ 13,000 higher than expected
* Allowed increased suburban expansion 🏘️
↳ due to shorter journey times
🔵 EXAMPLE:
➡ (e.g. Yellow Line Expressway)
____________________________________________________________________________
3.) 🟢POINT:
* Promotion of cycling through BIKE LANES and BICYCLE SHARING SYSTEM 🚲
🟠EXPLAIN:
* 90 miles of cycle paths 🚵
➡ built to encourage more cyclists and increase safety
* More cyclists 🚲🚲🚲
➡ reduces the number of cars on the road
🟣EVALUATION:
➡ However:
* Bike sharing and cycle lanes focused in tourist areas 📸
↳ do not help locals
🔵EXAMPLE:
* (e.g. Bike Rio)
____________________________________________________________________________
4.) 🟢POINT:
* CABLE CARS 🚠
🟠EXPLAIN:
* Decreasing the zig-zag walk through the steep sided favela ⛰️
* Connects the favelas to other areas of Rio 🗺️
* Reduces journey times ⌚📉
* As above road level,
➡ reduces the number of vehicles on the road 🚗📉
↳ needed due to lack of public transport in the favelas
🟣EVALUATION:
➡ However:
* Favelas demolished to make way for projects 🏗️
↳ leaving thousands homeless
* Aimed for tourists, not locals 📸
↳ as routes lead to tourist destinations so doesn’t reduce local traffic
* Low capacity carriages 🚠
↳ so less people can use them
🔵EXAMPLE:
* (e.g. Trans Carioca Expressway)
____________________________________________________________________________
5.) 🟢POINT:
* RENOVATION and IMPROVEMENT of metro system
🟠EXPLAIN:
* Less cars/buses brought into the city centre 🚗📉
* Connects city centre to airport ✈️
* Less buses required 🚌📉
➡ so less vehicles on road
* Cleanest form of public transport 🌳
* Pink females-only carriages 🚺🚇
➡ to increase safety
🟣EVALUATION:
➡ However:
* Only 5% of journeys taken by metro 🚇
↳ so less impact
* Stations may be far from commuters’ destinations 🗺️
____________________________________________________________________________
6.) 🟢POINT:
* BUS ONLY SECTIONS of road
🟠EXPLAIN:
* Reduces journey times ⌚📉
➡ (e.g. 50% less between Santa Cruz and Barra da Tijucae - so encourages use)
* Creates less pollution 💨📉
➡ as run 90% on compressed natural gas
🟣EVALUATION:
➡ However:
* Fewer lanes for other traffic 🛣️❌
↳ increasing congestion
🔵EXAMPLE:
* (e.g. Bus Rapid Transport)
