police psychology

Question 1

what do police do

Answer 1

community out reach

help w trauma

de-escalation

Question 2

police selection procedures

Answer 2

screening out undesireable candidates or select un desireable candiates

everyone gets the same q and gets to evaluate as they please

Question 3

evaluate KSA

Answer 3

goes w police screening

knowledge skills and abilities

Question 4

skills u want police to have

Answer 4

compassion, problem solving, calm under pressur, people person, negotation, patience, physical strenght

Question 5

hamilton police services essetial competency interview

Answer 5

analytical thinking, self confiedence, communication, flexibilitu, self control, relationship building, acheivement orientation, physcial skills and abilties, ability to deal w diversity

Question 6

police selection prodecures (2)

Answer 6

1. cognitive abilities (memory, math, verbal skills, reasoning)
2. personality tests (find concerns and personality fit)

Question 7

MMPI

Answer 7

personailty test that is bad for polive

can get an undertsanding of paranoia

rule out faking good

Question 8

inwald personality inventory

Answer 8

specificallly designd for police

stress rxn

interpersonal difficultiues

alc and drugs

rxn under pressure

reliability

more effective than regular test

Question 9

assessment centres

Answer 9

facility in which the behv of police can be observed in several situations by mulyiple observers

r u putting urself/others in danger just to catch the bad guy

simulated envrnent w shooting and hostage and injured partner

Question 10

discretion

Answer 10

the freedom that a police officer has for deciding what should be done in any given situation

• using force
• deciding when to arrest
• how to help

Question 11

police integgogation goal

Answer 11

obtain a confession of guilt

Question 12

why do we need a confession

Answer 12

to convict someone, to same time in court, to be sure

dont use physcial coerion anymore

Question 13

things u cant lie about in an interrogation

Answer 13

evidence, promising lienient treatment, cannot imply threat to loved one

Question 14

ried model of interrogation (3)

Answer 14

gather evidence (interview witness and victim)

conduct a non accusatorial interview of the suspect

conduct an accusatorial interrogatoion of the suspect (9 steps)

Question 15

ried model of interrogation (9)

Answer 15

1. Suspect is immediately confronted with their guilt
   ◦ If no evidence, officer may imply that there is
   - we know u did it
2. Officers speak in ways that suggest the crime is rationalized
   - make it seem better than it is
   - i get why u did it
3. Officer interrupts any statements of denial
   - happen at any point
4. Officer overcomes objections
   - after listening then counter
5. If suspect becomes withdrawn, officer ensures that interrogation is not tuned out
   - move in closer
6. Officer exhibits sympathy and understanding, suspect is urged to come clean
   - ik its been a long day
7. Suspect is offered explanations of the crime
   -was an accicdent
8. Once suspect accepts responsibility, developed
   into full confession
   - nodding yes to i was there
9. Officer arranges to have suspect write and sign full confession

Question 16

ried model set up

Answer 16

leave them alone in a plain room w nothing to do and have an evidence folder in ur hand

Question 17

ppl make choices that they think will

Answer 17

maximize their well being given the constrains they face

Question 18

why is the ried model sucessful

Answer 18

it uses the fear of confession and the increase of anxiety caused by remaining deceptive

ried modle aims to incerease anxiety and make it feel bigger and worse, so that they have no choice but to alieviate their anxiety in some way, when we act like we sympathize w the bad guy then it decreases their fear since they think their punishment will be less bad since u “like them”

Question 19

minimization

Answer 19

lull the suspect into a false sense of security

MINIMIZE THE ANXIETY

• they think consequences wont be as bad
• moral justification
• face saving excuses
• u did everyone a favour
• vicitm had it coming

Question 20

maximization

Answer 20

scare tactics

accuse

want them to feel helpless

this will get a lot better for you

family would be dissapointed

Question 21

“suspects family would be proud to hear the susoects choice to confessed

(min or max)

Answer 21

min bc less anxoious

Question 22

the mr big technique

Answer 22

only allowed in canada

noncustodial procedures - happens outside the interrogation room, not in police custody

undercover officer poses as member of criminal organization

suspect made to commit minor crimes and is rewarded w $

suspect is interviewed for higher level job within the gang

• must confess to serious crime to Mr. Big
  insruance for the gang
  Mr. Big can make evidence disappear

Question 23

is mr big entrapment

Answer 23

yes but not the act they are confessing to

Question 24

problems w existing techniques

Answer 24

we assume the sespect is guilty and being deceptive

officets cant know for sure if a suspcet is being deceptive

ther are many biases that could affect what an interrogator beloves

Question 25

Techniques are coercive and suggestive

Answer 25

False confessions can occur

Question 26

Suspect Rights

Answer 26

US → Miranda Rights ◦ Canada → listed in Charter of Rights and Freedoms ◦ Right to silence ◦ Right to legal counsel Only once these rights are waived by the suspect can interrogation begin PROBLEM: Many people do not understand these rights

Question 27

For a confession to be deemed admissible in court:

Answer 27

◦ Confessor must be competent ◦ Confession must be voluntary

Question 28

false confessions

Answer 28

intentionally fabricated or is not based on actual fact ◦ May be elicited in response to a demand to a demand for a confession

Question 29

Retracted Confession

Answer 29

confessor later declares to be false

Question 30

disputed confession

Answer 30

later disputed at trial

Question 31

Voluntary:

Answer 31

voluntarily confesses without elicitation Reasons ◦ Desire for notoriety ◦ Unable to distinguish fact from fantasy ◦ Desire to make up for feelings of guilt by receiving punishment ◦ Desire to protect someone else from harm

Question 32

Coerced-Compliant:

Answer 32

suspect confesses to the crime even though they are fully aware that they did not commit it Likely the most common false confession Reasons ◦ Escape further interrogation ◦ Gain promised benefit ◦ Avoid threatened punishment

Question 33

Coerced-Compliant False Confession example

Answer 33

3-month-old baby presented to hospital with broken ribs ◦ Suspected shaken baby Father interrogated ◦ Denied allegations 34 times over 4 interviews No doubt it was probably accidental on your part... I don’t believe it was intentional... Children’s bones are so fragile... You made a mistake.’ ‘You’ll be able to say to yourself... I’m going to sleep tonight, knowing that I told the truth’ ‘If you run from your mistake, your family disintegrates, your family falls apart... If you want your kids to be raised in a foster home, or adopted somewhere, that is a decision that you have to make

Question 34

Coerced-Internalized:

Answer 34

recall and confess to a crime that they did not commit Confession usually made after exposure to highly suggestible questions Vulnerability Factors ◦ History of substance abuse, interference with brain function ◦ Inability to detect discrepancies between reality and suggestion ◦ Severe anxiety, confusion, feelings of guilt

Question 35

Case Study - Forced-Internalized False Confessions

Answer 35

Billy Wayne Cope convicted for murder and sexual assault of 12-year- old daughter (2001) Showed little emotion, no signs of forced entry Denied guilt, waived rights, offered to be polygraphed Broke down and stated that ‘he must have done it’ DNA pointed to a local sex offender → Cope still accused of being involved

Question 36

Kassin & Kiechel (1996): The ALT Key Study

Answer 36

Will individuals admit to a crime that they did not commit? Set Up: Reaction time study – type the letters as they are read out loud ◦ Do not press the ALT key – all data will be lost ◦ 60 seconds into the procedure, system ‘crashes’ ◦ Head researcher accuses participant of pressing the ALT key Independent Variables: ◦ Vulnerability → uncertainty of own innocence ◦ Rate of key pressing was fast or slow ◦ False Evidence ◦ Does experimenter claim that they witnessed the key being pressed? Dependent Variables: ◦ Compliance → tendency to go along with demands from authority ◦ How many participants signed a written confession? ◦ Internalization → personal acceptance of guilt ◦ When participant left the lab, a confederate asked them what happened ◦ How many participants accepted blame? ◦ Confabulation → reporting events that did not occur ◦ Participants asked to reconstruct what went wrong ◦ How many participants reported that they pressed the ALT key?

Question 37

Consequences of False Confessions

Answer 37

False confessions often lead to convictions *False confessions viewed as evidence of guilt – Difficulty believing innocent person would confess – Unable to distinguish between true and false confessions – True and false confessions often similar in content and structure *False confessions may taint other evidence *Misdirect the overall investigation

Question 38

Techniques are coercive and suggestive so....

Answer 38

false confessions occur

Question 39

Techniques assume that the suspect is guilty and being deceptive but

Answer 39

officers dont know for sure and they all have their biases

Question 40

Kassin & Kiechel (1996): The ALT Key Study

Answer 40

Will individuals admit to a crime that they did not commit? Set Up: Reaction time study – type the letters as they are read out loud ◦ Do not press the ALT key – all data will be lost ◦ 60 seconds into the procedure, system ‘crashes’ ◦ Head researcher accuses participant of pressing the ALT key Independent Variables: ◦ Vulnerability → uncertainty of own innocence ◦ Rate of key pressing was fast or slow ◦ False Evidence ◦ Does experimenter claim that they witnessed the key being pressed?

Question 41

alt key study DV

Answer 41

Dependent Variables: ◦ Compliance → tendency to go along with demands from authority ◦ How many participants signed a written confession? ◦ Internalization → personal acceptance of guilt ◦ When participant left the lab, a confederate asked them what happened ◦ How many participants accepted blame? ◦ Confabulation → reporting events that did not occur ◦ Participants asked to reconstruct what went wrong ◦ How many participants reported that they pressed the ALT key?

Question 42

do false confessions often lead to convictions

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

False confessions viewed as evidence of guilt so

Answer 43

Difficulty believing innocent person would confess – Unable to distinguish between true and false confessions – True and false confessions often similar in content and structure

Question 44

can false confessions taint other evidence

Answer 44

yes

Question 45

what is the Uk trying to help w false confessions

Answer 45

Decrease in coercive interrogation does not result in substantial reduction of confessions obtained

Question 46

alternative to coercvive intellorgation

Answer 46

ried

Question 47

confession-prone

Answer 47

increase guilty increase innocent main social confession interrogation technqiue

Question 48

assimilating

Answer 48

dont want no increase in guilty and increase in innocent

Question 49

differentiating

Answer 49

best incrrase innovent not increase innocent

Question 50

nonconfession rpone

Answer 50

no increasw in guilty or innocent so it is usless

Question 51

confession prone techniques

Answer 51

esentially the same as ried Isolating suspect ◦ Identifying contradictions ◦ Appealing to self-interest (flattery) ◦ Offering excuses ◦ Interrupting denials ◦ Bluffing ◦ Minimizing techniques ◦ Threatening consequences ◦ Suggesting false evidence ◦ Physical intimidation

Question 52

Differentiating Techniques

Answer 52

-Building rapport (facilitates convo about inoocence, bulding trust) - Presenting guilt evidence - Appealing to conscience - Showing photos ( small effects on someone inncent, not the same on someone guilty)

Question 53

PEACE intervwing modle

Answer 53

inquisatorial interview (try to gather evidence) conversation mamangemnt not an interrogation

Question 54

(P)eace

Answer 54

planning and preperation decide where and when interview will be

Question 55

p(E)ace

Answer 55

engage and explain check on their welfare explaim interview structure smile handshake build rapport

Question 56

pe(A)ce

Answer 56

Account clarification adn challanege longer, probe free recall, does ir align w what we know, if not probe, conversation managemrnt keep track of facts and contradiciton

Question 57

pea(C)e

Answer 57

closure clarify everything, still be warm and engaging, tell person interbiew is ending

Question 58

peac(E)

Answer 58

evakuation see if evidenc fits consider if person is innocemt