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police psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what do police do

A

community out reach

help w trauma

de-escalation

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2
Q

police selection procedures

A

screening out undesireable candidates or select un desireable candiates

everyone gets the same q and gets to evaluate as they please

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3
Q

evaluate KSA

A

goes w police screening

knowledge skills and abilities

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4
Q

skills u want police to have

A

compassion, problem solving, calm under pressur, people person, negotation, patience, physical strenght

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5
Q

hamilton police services essetial competency interview

A

analytical thinking, self confiedence, communication, flexibilitu, self control, relationship building, acheivement orientation, physcial skills and abilties, ability to deal w diversity

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6
Q

police selection prodecures (2)

A
  1. cognitive abilities (memory, math, verbal skills, reasoning)
  2. personality tests (find concerns and personality fit)
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7
Q

MMPI

A

personailty test that is bad for polive

can get an undertsanding of paranoia

rule out faking good

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8
Q

inwald personality inventory

A

specificallly designd for police

stress rxn

interpersonal difficultiues

alc and drugs

rxn under pressure

reliability

more effective than regular test

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9
Q

assessment centres

A

facility in which the behv of police can be observed in several situations by mulyiple observers

r u putting urself/others in danger just to catch the bad guy

simulated envrnent w shooting and hostage and injured partner

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10
Q

discretion

A

the freedom that a police officer has for deciding what should be done in any given situation

  • using force
  • deciding when to arrest
  • how to help
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11
Q

police integgogation goal

A

obtain a confession of guilt

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12
Q

why do we need a confession

A

to convict someone, to same time in court, to be sure

dont use physcial coerion anymore

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13
Q

things u cant lie about in an interrogation

A

evidence, promising lienient treatment, cannot imply threat to loved one

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14
Q

ried model of interrogation (3)

A

gather evidence (interview witness and victim)

conduct a non accusatorial interview of the suspect

conduct an accusatorial interrogatoion of the suspect (9 steps)

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15
Q

ried model of interrogation (9)

A
  1. Suspect is immediately confronted with their guilt
    ◦ If no evidence, officer may imply that there is
    - we know u did it
  2. Officers speak in ways that suggest the crime is rationalized
    - make it seem better than it is
    - i get why u did it
  3. Officer interrupts any statements of denial
    - happen at any point
  4. Officer overcomes objections
    - after listening then counter
  5. If suspect becomes withdrawn, officer ensures that interrogation is not tuned out
    - move in closer
  6. Officer exhibits sympathy and understanding, suspect is urged to come clean
    - ik its been a long day
  7. Suspect is offered explanations of the crime
    -was an accicdent
  8. Once suspect accepts responsibility, developed
    into full confession
    - nodding yes to i was there
  9. Officer arranges to have suspect write and sign full confession
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16
Q

ried model set up

A

leave them alone in a plain room w nothing to do and have an evidence folder in ur hand

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17
Q

ppl make choices that they think will

A

maximize their well being given the constrains they face

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18
Q

why is the ried model sucessful

A

it uses the fear of confession and the increase of anxiety caused by remaining deceptive

ried modle aims to incerease anxiety and make it feel bigger and worse, so that they have no choice but to alieviate their anxiety in some way, when we act like we sympathize w the bad guy then it decreases their fear since they think their punishment will be less bad since u “like them”

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19
Q

minimization

A

lull the suspect into a false sense of security

MINIMIZE THE ANXIETY

  • they think consequences wont be as bad
  • moral justification
  • face saving excuses
  • u did everyone a favour
  • vicitm had it coming
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20
Q

maximization

A

scare tactics

accuse

want them to feel helpless

this will get a lot better for you

family would be dissapointed

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21
Q

“suspects family would be proud to hear the susoects choice to confessed

(min or max)

A

min bc less anxoious

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22
Q

the mr big technique

A

only allowed in canada

noncustodial procedures - happens outside the interrogation room, not in police custody

undercover officer poses as member of criminal organization

suspect made to commit minor crimes and is rewarded w $

suspect is interviewed for higher level job within the gang

  • must confess to serious crime to Mr. Big
    insruance for the gang
    Mr. Big can make evidence disappear
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23
Q

is mr big entrapment

A

yes but not the act they are confessing to

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24
Q

problems w existing techniques

A

we assume the sespect is guilty and being deceptive

officets cant know for sure if a suspcet is being deceptive

ther are many biases that could affect what an interrogator beloves

25
Q

Techniques are coercive and suggestive

A

False confessions can occur

26
Q

Suspect Rights

A

US → Miranda Rights
◦ Canada → listed in Charter of Rights and Freedoms
◦ Right to silence
◦ Right to legal counsel
Only once these rights are waived by the suspect can
interrogation begin
PROBLEM: Many people do not understand these rights

27
Q

For a confession to be deemed admissible in
court:

A

◦ Confessor must be competent
◦ Confession must be voluntary

28
Q

false confessions

A

intentionally fabricated or is
not based on actual fact
◦ May be elicited in response to a demand to a
demand for a confession

29
Q

Retracted Confession

A

confessor later declares
to be false

30
Q

disputed confession

A

later disputed at trial

31
Q

Voluntary:

A

voluntarily confesses without
elicitation
Reasons
◦ Desire for notoriety
◦ Unable to distinguish fact from fantasy
◦ Desire to make up for feelings of guilt by
receiving punishment
◦ Desire to protect someone else from harm

32
Q

Coerced-Compliant:

A

suspect confesses to the crime even though they are
fully aware that they did not commit it
Likely the most common false confession
Reasons
◦ Escape further interrogation
◦ Gain promised benefit
◦ Avoid threatened punishment

33
Q

Coerced-Compliant False Confession example

A

3-month-old baby presented to hospital with
broken ribs
◦ Suspected shaken baby
Father interrogated
◦ Denied allegations 34 times over 4 interviews

No doubt it was probably accidental on your part… I don’t believe it
was intentional… Children’s bones are so fragile… You made a mistake.’
‘You’ll be able to say to yourself… I’m going to sleep tonight, knowing
that I told the truth’
‘If you run from your mistake, your family disintegrates, your family
falls apart… If you want your kids to be raised in a foster home, or
adopted somewhere, that is a decision that you have to make

34
Q

Coerced-Internalized:

A

recall and confess to a crime that they did not commit
Confession usually made after exposure to highly suggestible questions
Vulnerability Factors
◦ History of substance abuse, interference with brain function
◦ Inability to detect discrepancies between reality and suggestion
◦ Severe anxiety, confusion, feelings of guilt

35
Q

Case Study - Forced-Internalized False Confessions

A

Billy Wayne Cope convicted
for murder and sexual assault of 12-year-
old daughter (2001)
Showed little emotion, no signs of forced
entry
Denied guilt, waived rights, offered to be
polygraphed
Broke down and stated that ‘he must have done it’
DNA pointed to a local sex offender → Cope still accused of being involved

36
Q

Kassin & Kiechel (1996): The ALT Key Study

A

Will individuals admit to a crime that they did not commit?
Set Up: Reaction time study – type the letters as they are read out loud
◦ Do not press the ALT key – all data will be lost
◦ 60 seconds into the procedure, system ‘crashes’
◦ Head researcher accuses participant of pressing the ALT key
Independent Variables:
◦ Vulnerability → uncertainty of own innocence
◦ Rate of key pressing was fast or slow
◦ False Evidence
◦ Does experimenter claim that they witnessed the key being pressed?

Dependent Variables:
◦ Compliance → tendency to go along with demands from authority
◦ How many participants signed a written confession?
◦ Internalization → personal acceptance of guilt
◦ When participant left the lab, a confederate asked them what happened
◦ How many participants accepted blame?
◦ Confabulation → reporting events that did not occur
◦ Participants asked to reconstruct what went wrong
◦ How many participants reported that they pressed the ALT key?

37
Q

Consequences of
False Confessions

A

False confessions often lead to convictions
*False confessions viewed as evidence of guilt
– Difficulty believing innocent person would confess
– Unable to distinguish between true and false
confessions
– True and false confessions often similar in content
and structure
*False confessions may taint other evidence
*Misdirect the overall investigation

38
Q

Techniques are coercive and suggestive so….

A

false confessions occur

39
Q

Techniques assume that the suspect is guilty and being
deceptive but

A

officers dont know for sure and they all have their biases

40
Q

Kassin & Kiechel (1996): The ALT Key Study

A

Will individuals admit to a crime that they did not commit?
Set Up: Reaction time study – type the letters as they are read out loud
◦ Do not press the ALT key – all data will be lost
◦ 60 seconds into the procedure, system ‘crashes’
◦ Head researcher accuses participant of pressing the ALT key
Independent Variables:
◦ Vulnerability → uncertainty of own innocence
◦ Rate of key pressing was fast or slow
◦ False Evidence
◦ Does experimenter claim that they witnessed the key being pressed?

41
Q

alt key study DV

A

Dependent Variables:
◦ Compliance → tendency to go along with demands from authority
◦ How many participants signed a written confession?
◦ Internalization → personal acceptance of guilt
◦ When participant left the lab, a confederate asked them what happened
◦ How many participants accepted blame?
◦ Confabulation → reporting events that did not occur
◦ Participants asked to reconstruct what went wrong
◦ How many participants reported that they pressed the ALT key?

42
Q

do false confessions often lead to convictions

A

yes

43
Q

False confessions viewed as evidence of guilt so

A

Difficulty believing innocent person would
confess
– Unable to distinguish between true and false
confessions
– True and false confessions often similar in
content and structure

44
Q

can false confessions taint other evidence

A

yes

45
Q

what is the Uk trying to help w false confessions

A

Decrease in coercive interrogation does not result in substantial reduction of
confessions obtained

46
Q

alternative to coercvive intellorgation

A

ried

47
Q

confession-prone

A

increase guilty increase innocent

main social confession

interrogation technqiue

48
Q

assimilating

A

dont want

no increase in guilty and increase in innocent

49
Q

differentiating

A

best

incrrase innovent

not increase innocent

50
Q

nonconfession rpone

A

no increasw in guilty or innocent so it is usless

51
Q

confession prone techniques

A

esentially the same as ried

Isolating suspect
◦ Identifying contradictions
◦ Appealing to self-interest (flattery)
◦ Offering excuses
◦ Interrupting denials
◦ Bluffing
◦ Minimizing techniques
◦ Threatening consequences
◦ Suggesting false evidence
◦ Physical intimidation

52
Q

Differentiating Techniques

A

-Building rapport (facilitates convo about inoocence, bulding trust)
- Presenting guilt evidence
- Appealing to conscience
- Showing photos ( small effects on someone inncent, not the same on someone guilty)

53
Q

PEACE intervwing modle

A

inquisatorial interview (try to gather evidence)

conversation mamangemnt

not an interrogation

54
Q

(P)eace

A

planning and preperation

decide where and when interview will be

55
Q

p(E)ace

A

engage and explain

check on their welfare

explaim interview structure

smile
handshake

build rapport

56
Q

pe(A)ce

A

Account clarification adn challanege

longer, probe free recall, does ir align w what we know, if not probe,

conversation managemrnt

keep track of facts and contradiciton

57
Q

pea(C)e

A

closure

clarify everything, still be warm and engaging, tell person interbiew is ending

58
Q

peac(E)

A

evakuation

see if evidenc fits

consider if person is innocemt

forensic psych (11 decks)

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